The Content, Religious and Political Background of the Turkish Calendar, the First Printed Work in Europe

Emrah İstek

Makale detayları

The Content, Religious and Political Background of the Turkish Calendar, the First Printed Work in Europe

Yazarlar:

Emrah İstek

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.28 Issue 2, pp.797-819

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001333386

pISSN:

2528-9861

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 After the conquest of Istanbul, European Christian powers started preparations for the Crusade and held meetings and congresses through the Roman-Germanic Empire and the Papacy. Apart from the meetings, a nine-page booklet called A Warning to Christians Against the Turks was printed in the Gutenberg Printing House, the first printing house in Europe, as a call for unity. This single-copy work, whose existence was not known for hundreds of years, was brought to light in the 19th century under the name Turkish Calendar and with the claim of being the first printed calendar in Europe. This copy examined within the scope of this study is available in the Munich Digital Library. Digital libraries in Europe and international databases were scanned for secondary studies related to the work. Some works that could not be obtained by this method were received from various university libraries in Turkey. In this study, it has been seen that the calendar in question is an open propaganda text. Both the Christian statesmen of the period and the European Christian society are the target audience of the calendar, and MuslimsTurks are the parties considered enemies in the calendar. Therefore, the calendar in question was constructed based on religious references, and a text was created based on twelve months, referring to the twelve apostles. The effect of the propaganda in question was tried to be increased by mentioning the names of saints considered sacred to Christians in each month. The selection of some of the saints from Anatolia is evaluated as an effort to make Muslim lands a legitimate target based on religious origin. This calendar, which is a call for a crusade, includes addresses to all the influential Christian powers of Europe, primarily the Roman Germanic Empire, as well as England, France, Hungary, Burgundy, Castile, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Venice, Naples and Aragon. However, the center of the call is the emperor, the regions he ruled over and the German people who were his subjects. The Germans are at the forefront of the people directly addressed. Because the calendar was printed both in German geography and in the German language. In addition to the Germans, the Ragusans, Albanians, Bulgarians, Dalmatians, Kosovars and Slavs in the Balkan countries were also invited to this union, and efforts were made to ensure these people who were part of the Ottoman Empire or lived on its borders, to take action. Turkish Calendar, which has a limited number of studies on it, has only appeared in a work translated into Turkish in Turkish literature. No study has been found in Turkish about the work. Through this study, it is aimed the revealance of the formation process of the work in question, and the thesis which this work is the first-printed book of Europe, the work analysis and to inform the researchers who examine the process, about the existence of the calendar. Since the important elements accepted by the Christian society were specifically selected in the text, these issues were determined one by one through religious reference sources in our article. As a result of this study, it is aimed to make researchers studying the period aware of the existence of this calendar.

 After the conquest of Istanbul, European Christian powers started preparations for the Crusade and held meetings and congresses through the Roman-Germanic Empire and the Papacy. Apart from the meetings, a nine-page booklet called A Warning to Christians Against the Turks was printed in the Gutenberg Printing House, the first printing house in Europe, as a call for unity. This single-copy work, whose existence was not known for hundreds of years, was brought to light in the 19th century under the name Turkish Calendar and with the claim of being the first printed calendar in Europe. This copy examined within the scope of this study is available in the Munich Digital Library. Digital libraries in Europe and international databases were scanned for secondary studies related to the work. Some works that could not be obtained by this method were received from various university libraries in Turkey. In this study, it has been seen that the calendar in question is an open propaganda text. Both the Christian statesmen of the period and the European Christian society are the target audience of the calendar, and MuslimsTurks are the parties considered enemies in the calendar. Therefore, the calendar in question was constructed based on religious references, and a text was created based on twelve months, referring to the twelve apostles. The effect of the propaganda in question was tried to be increased by mentioning the names of saints considered sacred to Christians in each month. The selection of some of the saints from Anatolia is evaluated as an effort to make Muslim lands a legitimate target based on religious origin. This calendar, which is a call for a crusade, includes addresses to all the influential Christian powers of Europe, primarily the Roman Germanic Empire, as well as England, France, Hungary, Burgundy, Castile, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Venice, Naples and Aragon. However, the center of the call is the emperor, the regions he ruled over and the German people who were his subjects. The Germans are at the forefront of the people directly addressed. Because the calendar was printed both in German geography and in the German language. In addition to the Germans, the Ragusans, Albanians, Bulgarians, Dalmatians, Kosovars and Slavs in the Balkan countries were also invited to this union, and efforts were made to ensure these people who were part of the Ottoman Empire or lived on its borders, to take action. Turkish Calendar, which has a limited number of studies on it, has only appeared in a work translated into Turkish in Turkish literature. No study has been found in Turkish about the work. Through this study, it is aimed the revealance of the formation process of the work in question, and the thesis which this work is the first-printed book of Europe, the work analysis and to inform the researchers who examine the process, about the existence of the calendar. Since the important elements accepted by the Christian society were specifically selected in the text, these issues were determined one by one through religious reference sources in our article. As a result of this study, it is aimed to make researchers studying the period aware of the existence of this calendar.

 After the conquest of Istanbul, European Christian powers started preparations for the Crusade and held meetings and congresses through the Roman-Germanic Empire and the Papacy. Apart from the meetings, a nine-page booklet called A Warning to Christians Against the Turks was printed in the Gutenberg Printing House, the first printing house in Europe, as a call for unity. This single-copy work, whose existence was not known for hundreds of years, was brought to light in the 19th century under the name Turkish Calendar and with the claim of being the first printed calendar in Europe. This copy examined within the scope of this study is available in the Munich Digital Library. Digital libraries in Europe and international databases were scanned for secondary studies related to the work. Some works that could not be obtained by this method were received from various university libraries in Turkey. In this study, it has been seen that the calendar in question is an open propaganda text. Both the Christian statesmen of the period and the European Christian society are the target audience of the calendar, and MuslimsTurks are the parties considered enemies in the calendar. Therefore, the calendar in question was constructed based on religious references, and a text was created based on twelve months, referring to the twelve apostles. The effect of the propaganda in question was tried to be increased by mentioning the names of saints considered sacred to Christians in each month. The selection of some of the saints from Anatolia is evaluated as an effort to make Muslim lands a legitimate target based on religious origin. This calendar, which is a call for a crusade, includes addresses to all the influential Christian powers of Europe, primarily the Roman Germanic Empire, as well as England, France, Hungary, Burgundy, Castile, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Poland, Venice, Naples and Aragon. However, the center of the call is the emperor, the regions he ruled over and the German people who were his subjects. The Germans are at the forefront of the people directly addressed. Because the calendar was printed both in German geography and in the German language. In addition to the Germans, the Ragusans, Albanians, Bulgarians, Dalmatians, Kosovars and Slavs in the Balkan countries were also invited to this union, and efforts were made to ensure these people who were part of the Ottoman Empire or lived on its borders, to take action. Turkish Calendar, which has a limited number of studies on it, has only appeared in a work translated into Turkish in Turkish literature. No study has been found in Turkish about the work. Through this study, it is aimed the revealance of the formation process of the work in question, and the thesis which this work is the first-printed book of Europe, the work analysis and to inform the researchers who examine the process, about the existence of the calendar. Since the important elements accepted by the Christian society were specifically selected in the text, these issues were determined one by one through religious reference sources in our article. As a result of this study, it is aimed to make researchers studying the period aware of the existence of this calendar.

 İstanbulun fethinden sonra Avrupalı Hıristiyan güçler, Haçlı Seferi hazırlıklarına başlamış ve bunun için Roma-Germen İmparatorluğu ve Papalık eliyle toplantılar ve kongreler gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Toplantıların haricinde bir birlik çağrısı için Avrupanın ilk matbaası olan Gutenberg Matbaasında Türklere Karşı Hıristiyanlara Bir Uyarı adıyla dokuz sayfalık bir kitapçık basılmıştır. Yüzlerce yıl varlığından haberdar olunmayan bu tek nüshalık eser, 19. yüzyılda Türk Takvimi adıyla ve Avrupanın ilk matbu takvimi olma iddiasıyla gün yüzüne çıkartılmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında incelenen nüshaya Münih Dijital Kütüphanesi üzerinden ulaşılmıştır. Eserle ilgili ikincil çalışmalar için Avrupadaki dijital kütüphaneler ve uluslararası veri tabanları taranmıştır. Bu yöntemle elde edilemeyen bir kısım eserler ise Türkiyedeki çeşitli üniversite kütüphanelerinden temin edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu takvimin açık bir propaganda metni olduğu görülmüştür. Gerek dönemin Hıristiyan devlet adamları gerekse Avrupa Hıristiyan toplumu takvimin hedef kitlesi, Müslümanlar  Türkler de takvimdeki düşman kabul edilen taraflardır. Dolayısıyla söz konusu takvim dinî referanslar üzerinden kurgulanmış, on iki havariye atfen on iki ay üzerinden bir metin oluşturulmuştur. Her bir ayda Hıristiyanlar için kutsal kabul edilen azizlerin isimleri zikredilerek söz konusu propagandanın etkisi artırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Azizlerin bir kısmının Anadolu coğrafyasından seçilmesi, Müslüman topraklarının dinî köken temellendirmesi üzerinden meşru hedef haline getirme çabası olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bir Haçlı seferi çağrısı olan bu takvimde başta Roma Germen İmparatorluğu olmak üzere, İngiltere, Fransa, Macaristan, Burgonya, Kastilya, Danimarka, İsveç, Norveç, Polonya, Venedik, Napoli ve Aragon gibi Avrupanın etkili tüm Hıristiyan güçlerine yönelik hitaplar bulunmaktadır. Ancak çağrının merkezinde imparator, onun hâkimiyet kurduğu bölgeler ve tebaası olan Alman toplumu yer almaktadır. Doğrudan muhatap alınan halkların başında ise Almanlar bulunmaktadır. Zira takvim hem Alman coğrafyasında hem de Alman dilinde basılmıştır. Almanlar dışında Balkan ülkelerindeki Ragusalılar, Arnavutlar, Bulgarlar, Dalmaçyalılar, Kosovalılar ve Slavlar da bu birliğe davet edilerek, Osmanlı bünyesinde olan veya sınırında yaşayan bu halkların harekete geçmeleri sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Üzerine sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunan Türk Takvimi, Türkçe literatürde sadece Türkçeye tercüme edilen bir eserde yer almış, hakkında herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmayla, söz konusu eserin oluşum sürecinin ortaya konması, bu eserin Avrupanın ilk matbu kitabı olduğu tezinin işlenmesi, eserin tahlili ve dönemi inceleyen araştırmacıların bu takvimin varlığından haberdar edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Metinde Hıristiyan toplum tarafından kabul gören başat öğelerin özellikle seçilmiş olmasından dolayı, söz konusu hususlar da çalışmamızda dinî referans kaynakları üzerinden tek tek tespit edilerek yorumlanmıştır.

Makale detayları

The Content, Religious and Political Background of the Turkish Calendar, the First Printed Work in Europe

Yazarlar:

Emrah İstek

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.28 Issue 2, pp.797-819

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001333386

pISSN:

2528-9861

Modern History

Gutenberg Printing House

Ottoman

Turkish Calendar

Crusader.Yeniçağ Tarihi

İstanbul’un Fethi

Haçlı

Gutenberg Matbaası

Türk Takvimi.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Emrah İstek

Yayıncı: Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar: Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi: Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.28 Issue 2, pp.797-819

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001333386

pISSN: 2528-9861

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Emrah İstek

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

Tarihsel Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.28 Issue 2, pp.797-819

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001333386

pISSN:

2528-9861