Dini Danışma ve Rehberliğin Temel Kavramları ve Tarihi Arka Planı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Ömer SÖYLEV

Makale detayları

Dini Danışma ve Rehberliğin Temel Kavramları ve Tarihi Arka Planı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yazarlar:

Ömer SÖYLEV

Ana Başlıklar:

Din

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 2017 Vol.21 Issue 1, pp.255-296

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2017

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2000918632

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 
















Until
the 19th century in which psychology emerged as a scientific discipline,
problems that are related to humans always were interpreted with philosophical
considerations. In time, philosophical movements such as positivism and
materialism have led psychology as a scientific branch to have its own concepts
and methods. Religion has been excluded from scientific research for a long
period under the influence of the paradigms that dominate the science in this
process. Despite the negative attitudes of scholars to religion, Christian
clergy closely followed scientific developments in the fields such as
philosophy and psychology. Pastoral care and counseling concepts and methods
based on today's religious counseling and guidance have emerged, as
traditionally maintained "pastoral care" activities within the
framework of church services have been influenced by developments in psychology
and psychotherapy. After the 1960s, pastoral care and counseling, which has a
tendency to be widespread throughout the world, has become a focus of interest
in religious institutions and academic community in Turkey in recent years.
This article focuses on basic concepts and historical background of pastoral
care and counseling in order to contribute to the study of the subject's
realization in Islamic culture.

The modern way of
life has not only accelerated social change, but has also changed individual
needs. Rapid change and differentiated needs brought with it a number of
psychological problems. Accordingly, psychological processes affecting the
human being and causing illness have begun to be examined. On the other hand,
the values and belief systems of life have also been affected by change, and
important changes and developments have taken place in institutional religious
structures and religious services. For this reason, the necessity of learning
the perspective and attitude of religion in the face of new events and
situations emerging from one side, the need for psychological help and spiritual
support in the face of suffering and crises experienced from the other side is
increasing. In short, religion has become an area where people need guidance
because they are forced to move on their own.


Since the
pioneering work in the area of pastoral care and counseling has emerged
entirely as a Christian activity, the first concepts of this field are closely
related to Christian culture. "Pastoral care", which is the basic
concept of pastoral care and counselling, usually refers to religious counseling
and guidance services performed by priests, especially outside the church. The
foundations of today's pastoral care and counseling services are pastoral care
activities, which are spiritual support, advice and consultation given by
Christian religious men. There are also the origins of Christian theology, such
as the doctrine of Christ and the Trinity, the teachings of salvation through
grace, infallibility of the Church, the understanding of priesthood, the
institution of confession and the status of the Church.


Pastoral care and
pastoral counseling are forms of help that can be distinguished from each other
to some extent. The difference lies in the related psychological dynamics
rather than moral stance when priests are working with people. For this reason,
the largest and most extensive pastoral activity between the two is strictly
pastoral care. These activities are more or less structured general
relationships with formal and informal conversations, dialogues and other
communication interactions and with young people, couples, adults and various
other groups. The aid associations, referred to as pastoral counseling, include
aid activities that are structured within the framework of a specific place and
a certain period of time, differently from the general and everywhere
feasibility of pastoral care activities, in which case there is a need for care
and time for the pastor. The distinctive point here is that the individual has
more psychological condition and problems.


The emergence of
religious counseling and guidance as an institutional service area is directly
related to the reform movements and the transformation of the industrial
revolution over the social organization of Western European countries and the
establishment of religious institutions. As a matter of fact, Catholics, and
especially Orthodox people, were more cautious in their newly developing
psychological counseling activities, while Protestants tended to embrace new
psychological theories and techniques in religious support and assistance
services. The process that has taken place since the 15th century, with the
differentiation of humanity, God, and astronomy, brought with it a radical
change called "enlightenment" in the 18th century. The period of
enlightenment is characterized by the reduction of religious tolerance and the
exchange of supernatural with nature, the religion with science, the divine
command with natural law, and the religionists with philosophers. In this
period, the subject of religion and spirituality has been seen as a private,
unscientific, unknown peculiar space that is believed to have to be excluded
from psychological research and clinical trials.


Although the
psychologist was not able to establish a healthy relationship with religion by
the influence of the paradigm, which was a dominant factor in scientific field
at the time when psychology emerged as a scientific discipline the clergy who
carried out "pastoral care" activities within the framework of church
services, especially in the United States and Europe, have benefited from the
accumulation of modern psychiatry and psychotherapy. By influencing the
activities of the church in the field of psychology, the priests helped them to
gain a distinctive dimension, both in the church and outside the church. The
"pastoral counseling" field has begun to develop with the use of
methods and rules of counseling psychology and clinical psychology in the
cultivation of priests. 


Until the investigation of Abraham Maslow's "Towards a
psychology of being" (1962), religion and spirituality, which were not
deemed worthy of attention, were recognized as a final need and an important
motivation to meet. Recent research in the field reveals that there is a
significant relationship between mental and physical health with religion.
Counselors do not include the clients' religious beliefs in the consultation
process. It is considered synonymous with ignoring an important part of the
client's identity. As a result of these developments, many medical faculties
and psychology departments in the United States and other developed countries
are now lecturing on religious counselling.



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Makale detayları

Dini Danışma ve Rehberliğin Temel Kavramları ve Tarihi Arka Planı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yazarlar:

Ömer SÖYLEV

Ana Başlıklar:

Din

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 2017 Vol.21 Issue 1, pp.255-296

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2017

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2000918632

Dini Danışma ve Rehberlik

Psikoloji

Psikoterapi

Pastoral Care

Pastoral Counseling

Sayı

Makale detayları

Dini Danışma ve Rehberliğin Temel Kavramları ve Tarihi Arka Planı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Yazarlar: Ömer SÖYLEV

Ana Başlıklar: Din

Dergi: Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 2017 Vol.21 Issue 1, pp.255-296

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2017

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2000918632

Dini Danışma ve Rehberlik

Psikoloji

Psikoterapi

Pastoral Care

Pastoral Counseling

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Ömer SÖYLEV

Ana Başlıklar:

Din

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 2017 Vol.21 Issue 1, pp.255-296

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2017

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2000918632