Gaza and Divine Legitimacy: Campaign Prayers of Early Ottoman Sultans

Ali Kozan

Makale detayları

Gaza and Divine Legitimacy: Campaign Prayers of Early Ottoman Sultans

Yazarlar:

Ali Kozan

Yayıncı:

Necmettin Erbakan University

Dergi:

İSTEM Issue 41, pp.33-54

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001295185

pISSN:

1304-0618

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Ottoman chronicles contain many rumors that early ghazi sultans resorted to prayer rituals in order to obtain divine providence in wars. In these narrations, ghazi sultans resort to Gods help with the fear of defeat in the face of the enemy or the desire for victory. This divine-based belief, which was transferred to the Ottoman Empire with the blending of the Turkish understanding of domination with Islam, is based on the presupposition that God turned the war in favor of the ghazi sultan. In other words, prayer comes to the fore as an element that supports the Ottoman ideology of gazâ and the divine legitimacy of the sultan through the prototype of the ghazi sultan. In this context, the image of holy war is supported by mentioning the Ottoman rulers from Osman Bey to Mehmed as the victorious commanders who won victory by fighting against the enemy of God while fighting against the infidels. Discussions about whether the purpose of the expedition against kuffar was gazâ or plunder is another dimension of the issue. In this context, although there are some studies on the Ottoman gazâ thesis and the organization of the expedition in the literature, there is no study that deals with the prayer ritual and especially the sultans prayers in the context of the gazâ thesis in the early Ottoman campaigns. However, prayer and the victory achieved as a result is an element that supports the divine legitimacy of the ghazi sultan. The aim of this study is on the place of the prayer ritual in the basic motivation of the campaign in the early Ottoman period campaigns in the context of the ghazî sultan prototype.

 Ottoman chronicles contain many rumors that early ghazi sultans resorted to prayer rituals in order to obtain divine providence in wars. In these narrations, ghazi sultans resort to Gods help with the fear of defeat in the face of the enemy or the desire for victory. This divine-based belief, which was transferred to the Ottoman Empire with the blending of the Turkish understanding of domination with Islam, is based on the presupposition that God turned the war in favor of the ghazi sultan. In other words, prayer comes to the fore as an element that supports the Ottoman ideology of gazâ and the divine legitimacy of the sultan through the prototype of the ghazi sultan. In this context, the image of holy war is supported by mentioning the Ottoman rulers from Osman Bey to Mehmed as the victorious commanders who won victory by fighting against the enemy of God while fighting against the infidels. Discussions about whether the purpose of the expedition against kuffar was gazâ or plunder is another dimension of the issue. In this context, although there are some studies on the Ottoman gazâ thesis and the organization of the expedition in the literature, there is no study that deals with the prayer ritual and especially the sultans prayers in the context of the gazâ thesis in the early Ottoman campaigns. However, prayer and the victory achieved as a result is an element that supports the divine legitimacy of the ghazi sultan. The aim of this study is on the place of the prayer ritual in the basic motivation of the campaign in the early Ottoman period campaigns in the context of the ghazî sultan prototype.

 Ottoman chronicles contain many rumors that early ghazi sultans resorted to prayer rituals in order to obtain divine providence in wars. In these narrations, ghazi sultans resort to Gods help with the fear of defeat in the face of the enemy or the desire for victory. This divine-based belief, which was transferred to the Ottoman Empire with the blending of the Turkish understanding of domination with Islam, is based on the presupposition that God turned the war in favor of the ghazi sultan. In other words, prayer comes to the fore as an element that supports the Ottoman ideology of gazâ and the divine legitimacy of the sultan through the prototype of the ghazi sultan. In this context, the image of holy war is supported by mentioning the Ottoman rulers from Osman Bey to Mehmed as the victorious commanders who won victory by fighting against the enemy of God while fighting against the infidels. Discussions about whether the purpose of the expedition against kuffar was gazâ or plunder is another dimension of the issue. In this context, although there are some studies on the Ottoman gazâ thesis and the organization of the expedition in the literature, there is no study that deals with the prayer ritual and especially the sultans prayers in the context of the gazâ thesis in the early Ottoman campaigns. However, prayer and the victory achieved as a result is an element that supports the divine legitimacy of the ghazi sultan. The aim of this study is on the place of the prayer ritual in the basic motivation of the campaign in the early Ottoman period campaigns in the context of the ghazî sultan prototype.

 Osmanlı kronikleri, erken dönem gazî sultanlarının savaşlarda Tanrısal takdiri elde edebilmek için dua ritüeline başvurduklarına ilişkin pek çok rivayeti barındırır. Bu rivayetlerde gazî sultanlar düşman karşısında mağlubiyet endişesi veya muzafferiyet arzusuyla Tanrının yardımına başvurur. Türk hakimiyet anlayışının İslamiyetle harmanlanmasıyla Osmanlıya intikal eden ilahî temelli bu inanış Tanrının savaşı gazî sultanın lehine çevirdiği ön kabulüne dayanır. Bir diğer ifadeyle dua, Osmanlı gazâ ideolojisi ve gazî sultan prototipi aracılığıyla sultanın ilahî meşruiyetini destekleyen bir unsur olarak ön plana çıkar. Bu bağlamda Osman Beyden II. Mehmede Osmanlı hükümdarları, küffara karşı savaşırken Tanrının da düşmanına karşı savaşarak zafer elde eden muzaffer komutanlar olarak zikredilerek kutsal savaş imgesi desteklenir. Küffara karşı yapılan seferin maksadının gazâ mı yağma mı olduğu ile ilgili tartışmalar ise meselenin bir diğer boyutudur. Bu bağlamda literatürde, Osmanlı gazâ tezi ve sefer organizasyonuna ilişkin bazı çalışmalar olmakla birlikte erken dönem Osmanlı seferlerinde dua ritüeli ve özellikle padişah dualarını gazâ tezi bağlamında ele alan bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Halbuki dua ve neticesinde elde edilen zafer, gazî sultanın ilahî meşruiyetini destekleyen bir unsurdur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gazî sultan prototipi bağlamında Osmanlı erken dönem seferlerinde dua ritüelinin seferin temel motivasyonu içerisindeki yeri üzerinedir.

Makale detayları

Gaza and Divine Legitimacy: Campaign Prayers of Early Ottoman Sultans

Yazarlar:

Ali Kozan

Yayıncı:

Necmettin Erbakan University

Dergi:

İSTEM Issue 41, pp.33-54

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001295185

pISSN:

1304-0618

early Ottoman period

holy war

gaza

ghazi

prayerOsmanlı erken dönem

kutsal savaş

gaza

gazi

dua

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Ali Kozan

Yayıncı: Necmettin Erbakan University

Dergi: İSTEM Issue 41, pp.33-54

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001295185

pISSN: 1304-0618

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Ali Kozan

Yayıncı:

Necmettin Erbakan University

Dergi:

İSTEM Issue 41, pp.33-54

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001295185

pISSN:

1304-0618