DIPLOMACY AND LATE OTTOMAN IMPRESSIONS (1916–1917)THROUGH THE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS OFU.S. AMBASSADOR ABRAM I. ELKUS

Pelin Helvacı

Makale detayları

DIPLOMACY AND LATE OTTOMAN IMPRESSIONS (1916–1917)THROUGH THE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS OFU.S. AMBASSADOR ABRAM I. ELKUS

Yazarlar:

Pelin Helvacı

Yayıncı:

Dokuz Eylul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türk Siyasi Tarihi | Atatürk İlkeleri İnkılap Tarihi

Dergi:

Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 50, pp.131-161

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001355704

pISSN:

1300-0756

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 After American Ambassador Henry Morgenthau resigned from his ambassadorship in Istanbul, in which he was on duty between 1913 and 1916, a reputable lawyer and a bureaucrat of New York, Abram I. Elkus was appointed to the same post. During his duty, Germany declared war against United States. As an ally to Germany, the Ottoman administers aimed not to distort relations between two countries and secured that there would be no interference to American institutions, like missionary schools and American citizens. Nevertheless, upon the oppressive measures from Germany, Union and Progress Party cut relations with American counterparts on April 20,th 1917. During his short tenure Elkus provided information to American Foreign Office about Turkish-German relations, Union and Progress leaders and Turkish-American relations. After official declaration of cutting relations with the US, Elkus contracted typhoid and he was taken care until full recovery. American Ambassador left Istanbul on May 29,th 1917 and his Swedish colleague Tarler represented American interests in Ottoman territory. In this study, researcher aims to evaluate Elkus reports to American Foreign Office in line with diplomacy theories of humanitarian diplomacy, cultural diplomacy and gunboat diplomacy.

 After American Ambassador Henry Morgenthau resigned from his ambassadorship in Istanbul, in which he was on duty between 1913 and 1916, a reputable lawyer and a bureaucrat of New York, Abram I. Elkus was appointed to the same post. During his duty, Germany declared war against United States. As an ally to Germany, the Ottoman administers aimed not to distort relations between two countries and secured that there would be no interference to American institutions, like missionary schools and American citizens. Nevertheless, upon the oppressive measures from Germany, Union and Progress Party cut relations with American counterparts on April 20,th 1917. During his short tenure Elkus provided information to American Foreign Office about Turkish-German relations, Union and Progress leaders and Turkish-American relations. After official declaration of cutting relations with the US, Elkus contracted typhoid and he was taken care until full recovery. American Ambassador left Istanbul on May 29,th 1917 and his Swedish colleague Tarler represented American interests in Ottoman territory. In this study, researcher aims to evaluate Elkus reports to American Foreign Office in line with diplomacy theories of humanitarian diplomacy, cultural diplomacy and gunboat diplomacy.

 After American Ambassador Henry Morgenthau resigned from his ambassadorship in Istanbul, in which he was on duty between 1913 and 1916, a reputable lawyer and a bureaucrat of New York, Abram I. Elkus was appointed to the same post. During his duty, Germany declared war against United States. As an ally to Germany, the Ottoman administers aimed not to distort relations between two countries and secured that there would be no interference to American institutions, like missionary schools and American citizens. Nevertheless, upon the oppressive measures from Germany, Union and Progress Party cut relations with American counterparts on April 20,th 1917. During his short tenure Elkus provided information to American Foreign Office about Turkish-German relations, Union and Progress leaders and Turkish-American relations. After official declaration of cutting relations with the US, Elkus contracted typhoid and he was taken care until full recovery. American Ambassador left Istanbul on May 29,th 1917 and his Swedish colleague Tarler represented American interests in Ottoman territory. In this study, researcher aims to evaluate Elkus reports to American Foreign Office in line with diplomacy theories of humanitarian diplomacy, cultural diplomacy and gunboat diplomacy.

 1913-1916 yılları arasında İstanbulda Amerikan Büyükelçisi olan Henry Morgenthaunun görevi bırakmasından sonra New York kamuoyunda tanınan bir avukat ve bürokrat olan Abram I. Elkus bu göreve atanmıştır. Yeni büyükelçi zamanında Almanya, Amerika Birleşik Devletlerine ABD savaş ilan etmiş ve Almanyanın müttefiki olarak Osmanlı yöneticileri bir müddet ilişkilerin bozulmaması için çaba göstermişlerdir. Bunun için Osmanlı topraklarındaki misyoner okulları başta olmak üzere Amerikan kurumlarına ve vatandaşlarına karşı herhangi bir düşmanca tavır takınılmayacağını belirtirmişlerdir. Ne var ki yönetimdeki İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası, Almanyanın baskısıyla 20 Nisan 1917de ABD ile ilişkileri kesmek zorunda kalmıştır. Elkus, görev yaptığı kısa süre içerisinde Amerikan Dışişleri Bakanlığına Türk-Alman ilişkileri, yönetimdeki İttihat ve Terakki Fırkası hakkındaki görüşlerini ve Türk-Amerikan ilişkilerini değerlendiren raporlar sunmuş, Amerikan kamuoyunu bilgilendirmiştir. Elkus, ilişkilerin kesilmesinin resmi olarak ilan edildiği sırada tifüse yakalanmış, İstanbuldan ayrılması için rahatsızlığının geçmesi beklenmiştir. Büyükelçi iyileştikten sonra 29 Mayıs 1917de İstanbulu terk ederek Amerikan çıkarlarını koruma görevini İsveç temsilcisi Tarlera bırakmıştır. Elkusun raporlarında belirttiği konular çalışmamızda insani diplomasi, kültürel diplomasi ve gunboat diplomasisi olarak diplomasi teorileri kapsamında ele alınmıştır.

Makale detayları

DIPLOMACY AND LATE OTTOMAN IMPRESSIONS (1916–1917)THROUGH THE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS OFU.S. AMBASSADOR ABRAM I. ELKUS

Yazarlar:

Pelin Helvacı

Yayıncı:

Dokuz Eylul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türk Siyasi Tarihi | Atatürk İlkeleri İnkılap Tarihi

Dergi:

Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 50, pp.131-161

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001355704

pISSN:

1300-0756

Ottoman-American relations

History of diplomacy in late Ottoman era

Abram I. Elkus' appointment as embassyII. Meşrutiyet

Osmanlı-Amerikan ilişkileri

Abram I. Elkus

Sayı

Makale detayları

DIPLOMACY AND LATE OTTOMAN IMPRESSIONS (1916–1917)THROUGH THE OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS OFU.S. AMBASSADOR ABRAM I. ELKUS

Yazarlar: Pelin Helvacı

Yayıncı: Dokuz Eylul University

Ana Başlıklar: Türk Siyasi Tarihi | Atatürk İlkeleri İnkılap Tarihi

Dergi: Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 50, pp.131-161

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 7/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001355704

pISSN: 1300-0756

Ottoman-American relations

History of diplomacy in late Ottoman era

Abram I. Elkus' appointment as embassyII. Meşrutiyet

Osmanlı-Amerikan ilişkileri

Abram I. Elkus

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Pelin Helvacı

Yayıncı:

Dokuz Eylul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türk Siyasi Tarihi | Atatürk İlkeleri İnkılap Tarihi

Dergi:

Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.25 Issue 50, pp.131-161

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

7/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001355704

pISSN:

1300-0756