Some Considerations on the Crime of Aggravated Sexual Assault in Islamic Criminal Law

Talip Türcan

Makale detayları

Some Considerations on the Crime of Aggravated Sexual Assault in Islamic Criminal Law

Yazarlar:

Talip Türcan

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.22 Issue 1, pp.47-72

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294546

pISSN:

2757-6949

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 It is possible to follow the change that has occurred in the historical process in the crime of aggravated sexual assault through the definition of the crime and the legal interest that is aimed to be protected by the relevant penal rule. At the stage we have reached, the change experienced can be observed in the old and current Turkish Penal Codes. Comparing the approach of Islamic criminal law regarding the crime of aggravated sexual assault with todays criminal thought shows how striking the change is. The study aims to prove comparatively how the crime of aggravated sexual assault is defined in Islamic criminal law and what legal interest is pursued with this regulation. It is hoped that the study will also be an example of how the phenomenon of change in criminal thinking takes place. The most commonly used terms to express the crime of aggravated sexual assault in Islamic criminal law are al-ikrāh alā al-zinā, al-istikrāh alā al-zinā, al-zinā karhan and al-ightisāb. The terminology used to specify the crime of aggravated sexual assault seems to be influenced by the fact that the crime is considered as the crime of adultery and also by some jurists as the crime of hirābah. This perception led to the inability to develop a direct and independent term to express the crime of aggravated sexual assault in the classical doctrine of Islamic criminal law. In Islam, sexual intercourse between man and woman is not considered legitimate unless there is a marriage or ownership relation. However, the existence of suspicion of marriage or ownership removes the penalty, even if sexual intercourse constitutes a crime. In Islamic law, same-sex intercourses are completely prohibited with no exceptions. The perception of sexual freedom in todays criminal law does not comply with the principle of Islamic law, what is the main in sexual intercourses is not permission, but prohibition. In Islamic criminal law, the aggravated sexual assault is a crime that can only be committed by man. The act of sexual intercourse performed by a woman without the consent of the man is not considered as a sexual assault against a man in Islamic criminal law, but within the scope of the crime of adultery. Womans that act is discussed whether it constitutes a crime of adultery in terms of women and whether the adultery sanction hadd will be applied to woman. On the other hand, at the stage where the idea of criminal law has reached today, for example, according to the Turkish Penal Code, the crime of aggravated sexual assault is a crime that can be committed by either a woman or a man. There is no doubt that the idea a woman could be the perpetrator of rape could only be reached at the end of a long historical process. The objective element of the crime of sexual assault is the act related to the sexual content being perpetrated without the consent of the victim. The crime may be committed by physical violence, threat, or any other means that leaves the victim unable to demonstrate willpower and resist the act of sexual assault. In Islamic criminal law, in order to distinguish the crime of aggravated sexual assault from the crime of adultery, either the term ikrāhistikrāhkarhan together with the word zinā or the term ightisāb which means direct forced acquisition, is used. In the classical doctrine of Islamic criminal law, the act of aggravated sexual assault is not defined as a separate crime, but is classified in the scope of zinā or hirābah. The inability to define the crime of aggravated sexual assault as a separate crime led to different approaches in the issues of which the sanctions will be imposed on the crime and how the crime can be proven. As for in the Ottoman criminal law, the crime of aggravated sexual assault was mostly regulated by state legislative procedure.

 It is possible to follow the change that has occurred in the historical process in the crime of aggravated sexual assault through the definition of the crime and the legal interest that is aimed to be protected by the relevant penal rule. At the stage we have reached, the change experienced can be observed in the old and current Turkish Penal Codes. Comparing the approach of Islamic criminal law regarding the crime of aggravated sexual assault with todays criminal thought shows how striking the change is. The study aims to prove comparatively how the crime of aggravated sexual assault is defined in Islamic criminal law and what legal interest is pursued with this regulation. It is hoped that the study will also be an example of how the phenomenon of change in criminal thinking takes place. The most commonly used terms to express the crime of aggravated sexual assault in Islamic criminal law are al-ikrāh alā al-zinā, al-istikrāh alā al-zinā, al-zinā karhan and al-ightisāb. The terminology used to specify the crime of aggravated sexual assault seems to be influenced by the fact that the crime is considered as the crime of adultery and also by some jurists as the crime of hirābah. This perception led to the inability to develop a direct and independent term to express the crime of aggravated sexual assault in the classical doctrine of Islamic criminal law. In Islam, sexual intercourse between man and woman is not considered legitimate unless there is a marriage or ownership relation. However, the existence of suspicion of marriage or ownership removes the penalty, even if sexual intercourse constitutes a crime. In Islamic law, same-sex intercourses are completely prohibited with no exceptions. The perception of sexual freedom in todays criminal law does not comply with the principle of Islamic law, what is the main in sexual intercourses is not permission, but prohibition. In Islamic criminal law, the aggravated sexual assault is a crime that can only be committed by man. The act of sexual intercourse performed by a woman without the consent of the man is not considered as a sexual assault against a man in Islamic criminal law, but within the scope of the crime of adultery. Womans that act is discussed whether it constitutes a crime of adultery in terms of women and whether the adultery sanction hadd will be applied to woman. On the other hand, at the stage where the idea of criminal law has reached today, for example, according to the Turkish Penal Code, the crime of aggravated sexual assault is a crime that can be committed by either a woman or a man. There is no doubt that the idea a woman could be the perpetrator of rape could only be reached at the end of a long historical process. The objective element of the crime of sexual assault is the act related to the sexual content being perpetrated without the consent of the victim. The crime may be committed by physical violence, threat, or any other means that leaves the victim unable to demonstrate willpower and resist the act of sexual assault. In Islamic criminal law, in order to distinguish the crime of aggravated sexual assault from the crime of adultery, either the term ikrāhistikrāhkarhan together with the word zinā or the term ightisāb which means direct forced acquisition, is used. In the classical doctrine of Islamic criminal law, the act of aggravated sexual assault is not defined as a separate crime, but is classified in the scope of zinā or hirābah. The inability to define the crime of aggravated sexual assault as a separate crime led to different approaches in the issues of which the sanctions will be imposed on the crime and how the crime can be proven. As for in the Ottoman criminal law, the crime of aggravated sexual assault was mostly regulated by state legislative procedure.

 It is possible to follow the change that has occurred in the historical process in the crime of aggravated sexual assault through the definition of the crime and the legal interest that is aimed to be protected by the relevant penal rule. At the stage we have reached, the change experienced can be observed in the old and current Turkish Penal Codes. Comparing the approach of Islamic criminal law regarding the crime of aggravated sexual assault with todays criminal thought shows how striking the change is. The study aims to prove comparatively how the crime of aggravated sexual assault is defined in Islamic criminal law and what legal interest is pursued with this regulation. It is hoped that the study will also be an example of how the phenomenon of change in criminal thinking takes place. The most commonly used terms to express the crime of aggravated sexual assault in Islamic criminal law are al-ikrāh alā al-zinā, al-istikrāh alā al-zinā, al-zinā karhan and al-ightisāb. The terminology used to specify the crime of aggravated sexual assault seems to be influenced by the fact that the crime is considered as the crime of adultery and also by some jurists as the crime of hirābah. This perception led to the inability to develop a direct and independent term to express the crime of aggravated sexual assault in the classical doctrine of Islamic criminal law. In Islam, sexual intercourse between man and woman is not considered legitimate unless there is a marriage or ownership relation. However, the existence of suspicion of marriage or ownership removes the penalty, even if sexual intercourse constitutes a crime. In Islamic law, same-sex intercourses are completely prohibited with no exceptions. The perception of sexual freedom in todays criminal law does not comply with the principle of Islamic law, what is the main in sexual intercourses is not permission, but prohibition. In Islamic criminal law, the aggravated sexual assault is a crime that can only be committed by man. The act of sexual intercourse performed by a woman without the consent of the man is not considered as a sexual assault against a man in Islamic criminal law, but within the scope of the crime of adultery. Womans that act is discussed whether it constitutes a crime of adultery in terms of women and whether the adultery sanction hadd will be applied to woman. On the other hand, at the stage where the idea of criminal law has reached today, for example, according to the Turkish Penal Code, the crime of aggravated sexual assault is a crime that can be committed by either a woman or a man. There is no doubt that the idea a woman could be the perpetrator of rape could only be reached at the end of a long historical process. The objective element of the crime of sexual assault is the act related to the sexual content being perpetrated without the consent of the victim. The crime may be committed by physical violence, threat, or any other means that leaves the victim unable to demonstrate willpower and resist the act of sexual assault. In Islamic criminal law, in order to distinguish the crime of aggravated sexual assault from the crime of adultery, either the term ikrāhistikrāhkarhan together with the word zinā or the term ightisāb which means direct forced acquisition, is used. In the classical doctrine of Islamic criminal law, the act of aggravated sexual assault is not defined as a separate crime, but is classified in the scope of zinā or hirābah. The inability to define the crime of aggravated sexual assault as a separate crime led to different approaches in the issues of which the sanctions will be imposed on the crime and how the crime can be proven. As for in the Ottoman criminal law, the crime of aggravated sexual assault was mostly regulated by state legislative procedure.

 Nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçunda tarihsel süreç boyunca meydana gelen değişim, suçun tanımı ve ilgili ceza kuralı ile korunması amaçlanan hukukî yarar üzerinden takip edilebilir. Geldiğimiz aşamada yaşanan değişimi görmek bakımından Eski ve mevcut Türk Ceza Kanunlarına bir göz atmak dahi kâfidir. Nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçuna ilişkin İslâm ceza hukukunun yaklaşımı, günümüz ceza düşüncesiyle mukayese edildiğinde ise değişimin ne kadar çarpıcı boyutlarda olduğu açığa çıkmaktadır. Çalışma, İslâm ceza hukukunda nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçunun nasıl tanımlandığını ve onunla hangi hukukî yararın gözetildiğini mukayeseli olarak göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu, aynı zamanda, ceza düşüncesinde değişim olgusunun nasıl gerçekleştiğine dair bir örnekleme olacaktır. İslâm ceza hukukunda nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçunu ırza geçmetecavüz ifade etmek için en çok el-ikrâh alez-zinâ, el-istikrâh alez-zinâ, ez-zinâ kerhen ya da el-iğtisâb tabirleri kullanılmaktadır. Nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçuna ilişkin terminoloji, suçun, zina suçu ve bazı hukukçularca da hırâbe eşkıyalık suçu kapsamında ele alınmış olmasından etkilenmiş görünmektedir. Bu durum, nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçunu İslâm ceza hukukunda doğrudan ifade etmek üzere müstakil bir terimin geliştirilmesine engel olmuştur. İslâmda kadın ve erkek arasındaki cinsel ilişki nikâh ya da mülkiyet bağından biri bulunmadıkça meşru görülmez. Ancak nikâh ya da mülkiyet şüphesinin varlığı, cinsel ilişki suç teşkil etse bile, hadd cezasını düşürür. İslâmda eşcinsel ilişkiler ise hiçbir istisnası olmaksızın tamamen yasaklanmıştır. Günümüz ceza hukuku düşüncesindeki cinsel özgürlük algısı, İslâm hukukunun, cinsel ilişkilerde asıl olan ibâha değil, hazrdır ilkesi ile bağdaşmamaktadır. İslâm ceza hukukunda nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçu yalnızca erkek tarafından işlenebilen bir suçtur. Erkeğin rızası dışında kadın tarafından gerçekleştirilen cinsel ilişki fiili, İslâm ceza hukukunda erkeğe yapılmış bir cinsel saldırı olarak değil, zina suçu kapsamında ele alınmakta; fiilin kadın bakımından bir zina suçu teşkil edip etmediği ve kadına zina haddinin uygulanıp uygulanmayacağı tartışılmaktadır. Buna karşılık günümüzde ceza düşüncesinin geldiği aşamada, mesela TCKya göre nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçu kadın ya da erkek tarafından işlenebilen bir suçtur. Kadının cinsel saldırının nitelikli hâli bakımından fâil olabileceği düşüncesinin, uzun bir tarihsel süreç sonunda, yeni ulaşılmış bir aşama olduğunda kuşku yoktur. İslâm ceza hukukunda yalnızca erkek tarafından işlenebilen nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçunun mağduru hem kadın hem de erkek olabilir. Cinsel câzibesi muştehât olmayan küçüklerle girilen cinsel ilişki, elbette suç olmakla birlikte, çoğunluk tarafından tanımı gereği zina suçu sayılmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla fâile de hadd uygulanmayacağı görüşü benimsenmiştir. Ölülerle ve hayvanlarla cinsel ilişki suçunun niteliği de klasik İslâm ceza hukuku doktrininde tartışmalıdır. Cinsel saldırı suçunun maddi unsurunu, mağdurun rızası dışında gerçekleşen cinsel içerikli fiil oluşturmaktadır. Suç; cebir, tehdit ya da mağduru cinsel saldırı niteliğindeki fiile karşı irade ortaya koyamayacak ve direnemeyecek hâlde bırakan herhangi bir başka yolla gerçekleşebilir. İslâm ceza hukukunda nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçunu zina suçundan ayırt etmek amacıyla, suçun işlenme biçimine göre cebir, tehdit ya da zaruret hâlini belirtmek üzere ya zinâ kelimesi ile birlikte ikrâhistikrâhkerhen terimleri ya da doğrudan zorla elde etme anlamı barındıran iğtisâb terimi kullanılmıştır. İslâm ceza hukukunun klasik doktrininde nitelikli cinsel saldırı fiili, müstakil bir suç olarak tanımlanmamış, ya zinâ suçu ya da hırâbe suçu kapsamında tasnif edilmiştir. Klasik doktrinde nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçunun müstakil bir suç olarak tanımlanamaması, suça bağlanan yaptırımlarda ve suçun nasıl ispatlanmış sayılacağı meselesinde farklı yaklaşımlara yol açmıştır. Osmanlı ceza hukukunda ise nitelikli cinsel saldırı suçu daha çok örfî yasama tasarrufuyla düzenlenmiştir.

Makale detayları

Some Considerations on the Crime of Aggravated Sexual Assault in Islamic Criminal Law

Yazarlar:

Talip Türcan

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.22 Issue 1, pp.47-72

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294546

pISSN:

2757-6949

Islamic Criminal Law

Ottoman Criminal Law

Turkish Criminal Law

Aggravated Sexual Assault Crime

Zinā (Adultery)

Hirābah

Legal Interest

Change in Lawİslâm Ceza Hukuku

Osmanlı Ceza Hukuku

Türk Ceza Hukuku

Nitelikli Cinsel Saldırı Suçu

Zina

Hırâbe

Hukukî Yarar

Hukukta Değişim

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Talip Türcan

Yayıncı: Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar: Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi: Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.22 Issue 1, pp.47-72

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001294546

pISSN: 2757-6949

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Talip Türcan

Yayıncı:

Hitit University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.22 Issue 1, pp.47-72

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294546

pISSN:

2757-6949