Ayyām-e Fāṭimiyya as an Alternative ʿĀshūrāʾ: The Mourning of Fāṭima in Modern Iran

Zeynep Sena Kaynamazoğlu

Makale detayları

Ayyām-e Fāṭimiyya as an Alternative ʿĀshūrāʾ: The Mourning of Fāṭima in Modern Iran

Yazarlar:

Zeynep Sena Kaynamazoğlu

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi:

İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.229-248

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001317154

pISSN:

2717-6967

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The mourning ceremonies performed in the month of Muḥarram constitute the most important element of Shīʿite public religiosity. The memory of the Karbalāʾ incident and the martyrdom of al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī is immortalized, and the Shīʿite consciousness is transmitted across generations due to Āshūrā ceremonies, which have developed over the centuries by adding new elements to their structure. This mourning, which has deeply affected the Shīʿite tradition, has transcended its borders in time and created a culture of mourning unique to the Shīʿite tradition. Seemingly, mourning was limited to the commemoration of the martyrdom of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and his son al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī until the Qajar period. However, within this period, the religious calendar was colored, and new days and nights were included in the Shīʿite public religiosity. Moreover, the importance attached to these special religious occasions has increased due to the Iranian Revolution. One of the most remarkable phenomena that has found a place in the Shīʿite popular piety in the modern period is the mourning ceremonies that commemorate the death and martyrdom of the daughter of Prophet Muḥammad named Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ d. 11632. These mourning ceremonies, which are held on days called ayyām-e fāṭimiyya, are the most important religious commemoration after Muḥarram ceremonies in modern Iran. On these days, cortege-style marches are held on the streets in many provinces of Iran, rawḍakhānī assemblies are organized in homes and mosques, and cultural programs and stands that introduce Fāṭima al Zahrāʾ are organized in schools and official institutions. This study mainly examines the formation of the ayyām-e fāṭimiyya and its performance, religious background, and related controversies. In this context, the article draws attention to debates that focus on the narrations that Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ was subjected to violence and died as a result. It also aims to discuss the importance of Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ for modern Iranian women and the influence of Muḥarram ceremonies on Shīʿite popular piety and other ceremonies.

 The mourning ceremonies performed in the month of Muḥarram constitute the most important element of Shīʿite public religiosity. The memory of the Karbalāʾ incident and the martyrdom of al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī is immortalized, and the Shīʿite consciousness is transmitted across generations due to Āshūrā ceremonies, which have developed over the centuries by adding new elements to their structure. This mourning, which has deeply affected the Shīʿite tradition, has transcended its borders in time and created a culture of mourning unique to the Shīʿite tradition. Seemingly, mourning was limited to the commemoration of the martyrdom of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and his son al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī until the Qajar period. However, within this period, the religious calendar was colored, and new days and nights were included in the Shīʿite public religiosity. Moreover, the importance attached to these special religious occasions has increased due to the Iranian Revolution. One of the most remarkable phenomena that has found a place in the Shīʿite popular piety in the modern period is the mourning ceremonies that commemorate the death and martyrdom of the daughter of Prophet Muḥammad named Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ d. 11632. These mourning ceremonies, which are held on days called ayyām-e fāṭimiyya, are the most important religious commemoration after Muḥarram ceremonies in modern Iran. On these days, cortege-style marches are held on the streets in many provinces of Iran, rawḍakhānī assemblies are organized in homes and mosques, and cultural programs and stands that introduce Fāṭima al Zahrāʾ are organized in schools and official institutions. This study mainly examines the formation of the ayyām-e fāṭimiyya and its performance, religious background, and related controversies. In this context, the article draws attention to debates that focus on the narrations that Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ was subjected to violence and died as a result. It also aims to discuss the importance of Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ for modern Iranian women and the influence of Muḥarram ceremonies on Shīʿite popular piety and other ceremonies.

 The mourning ceremonies performed in the month of Muḥarram constitute the most important element of Shīʿite public religiosity. The memory of the Karbalāʾ incident and the martyrdom of al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī is immortalized, and the Shīʿite consciousness is transmitted across generations due to Āshūrā ceremonies, which have developed over the centuries by adding new elements to their structure. This mourning, which has deeply affected the Shīʿite tradition, has transcended its borders in time and created a culture of mourning unique to the Shīʿite tradition. Seemingly, mourning was limited to the commemoration of the martyrdom of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib and his son al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī until the Qajar period. However, within this period, the religious calendar was colored, and new days and nights were included in the Shīʿite public religiosity. Moreover, the importance attached to these special religious occasions has increased due to the Iranian Revolution. One of the most remarkable phenomena that has found a place in the Shīʿite popular piety in the modern period is the mourning ceremonies that commemorate the death and martyrdom of the daughter of Prophet Muḥammad named Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ d. 11632. These mourning ceremonies, which are held on days called ayyām-e fāṭimiyya, are the most important religious commemoration after Muḥarram ceremonies in modern Iran. On these days, cortege-style marches are held on the streets in many provinces of Iran, rawḍakhānī assemblies are organized in homes and mosques, and cultural programs and stands that introduce Fāṭima al Zahrāʾ are organized in schools and official institutions. This study mainly examines the formation of the ayyām-e fāṭimiyya and its performance, religious background, and related controversies. In this context, the article draws attention to debates that focus on the narrations that Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ was subjected to violence and died as a result. It also aims to discuss the importance of Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ for modern Iranian women and the influence of Muḥarram ceremonies on Shīʿite popular piety and other ceremonies.

 Muharrem ayında icra edilen ve Hz. Hüseyinin şehadetinin anıldığı Âşûrâ merasimleri Şiî halk dindarlığının en önemli unsurunu oluşturmaktadır. Asırlardır bünyesine yeni unsurlar katarak gelişen Âşûrâ merasimleri sayesinde Kerbelâ Vakasının hatırası canlı tutulmakta, Şiî olma bilinci nesilden nesile aktarılmaktadır. Şiî geleneği derinlemesine etkilemiş olan bu matem zaman içerisinde kendi sınırlarını aşmış, Şiî geleneğe has bir matem kültürü yaratmıştır. Kaçarlar dönemine kadar matemler Hz. Hüseyin ve Hz. Alinin şehadetinin anılmasıyla sınırlı iken, bu dönemle birlikte dinî takvim renklenmiş ve Şiî halk dindarlığına yeni matem günleri dâhil olmuştur. İran İslam Devrimiyle birlikte ise bu özel dinî günlere verilen önem artmıştır. Modern dönemde Şiî halk dindarlığında kendisine yer bulmuş olan en dikkat çekici olgulardan biri ise Hz. Muhammedin kızı Fâtıma ez-Zehrânın ö. 11632 vefatının  şehadetinin anıldığı matem merasimleridir. Eyyâm-ı fâtımiyye adı verilen günlerde icra edilen ve oldukça geç bir dönemde kurumsallaşmış olan bu merasimler, günümüz İranında Muharrem merasimlerinden sonra en önemli dinî anma niteliğindedir. Bu günlerde İranın birçok ilinde sokaklarda kortej tarzı yürüyüşler yapılmakta, evlerde ve camilerde ravzahânî meclisleri düzenlenmekte, okullarda ve resmî kurumlarda Hz. Fâtımayı tanıtan kültürel faaliyetler organize edilmektedir. Bu çalışma eyyâm-ı fâtımiyyenin teşekkülünü, icra biçimini, dinî arka planını ve hakkındaki ihtilafları incelemektedir. Bu kapsamda özellikle de Hz. Fâtımanın şiddet gördüğüne ve bunun neticesinde vefat ettiğine dair rivayetlere odaklanan tartışmalara dikkat çekilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra Hz. Fâtımanın modern İran kadını için önemi ve Muharrem ayında icra edilen matem merasimlerinin Şiî halk dindarlığına olan etkisi tartışmaya açılmıştır.

Makale detayları

Ayyām-e Fāṭimiyya as an Alternative ʿĀshūrāʾ: The Mourning of Fāṭima in Modern Iran

Yazarlar:

Zeynep Sena Kaynamazoğlu

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi:

İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.229-248

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001317154

pISSN:

2717-6967

History of the Islamic Sects

Shī‘a

Iran

Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ

Ayyām-e fāṭimiyya

‘Āshūrā’

Mourningİslam Mezhepleri Tarihi

Şîa

İran

Fâtıma ez-Zehrâ

Eyyâm-ı fâtımiyye

‘Âşûrâ

Matem

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Zeynep Sena Kaynamazoğlu

Yayıncı: Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi: İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.229-248

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 3/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001317154

pISSN: 2717-6967

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Zeynep Sena Kaynamazoğlu

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Mezhepleri

Dergi:

İslam Tetkikleri Dergisi Vol.14 Issue 1, pp.229-248

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

3/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001317154

pISSN:

2717-6967