The Variable Jizya Policy of Ashras b. Abdullah, Governor of Khorasan, Towards the Mawâlī

Yunus Akyürek

Makale detayları

The Variable Jizya Policy of Ashras b. Abdullah, Governor of Khorasan, Towards the Mawâlī

Yazarlar:

Yunus Akyürek

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.8 Issue 1, pp.256-267

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350283

pISSN:

2757-8399

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This study explores the shifting stance of Ashras b. Abdullah, the Umayyad governor of Khorasan 109-111727-729, towards the collection of jizya from the mawālī. The aim is to contribute to the understanding of the issue of jizya collection from the mawâlī during the Umayyad period through an analysis of Ashras policies. Upon assuming office, Ashras announced the abolition of this tax for the mawâlī. However, due to an unexpected surge in conversions to Islam and the potential revenue losses, he quickly reverted to the previous governors practice of conditional jizya collection. Several factors influenced this inconsistent policy shift, including the persuasion of non-Muslim tax officials, local leaders marzûbâns and dihqâns, and perhaps most notably, Caliph Hisham b. Abd al-Maliks 105-125724-743 financial sensitivities. This fluctuating taxation policy led some mawâlī to migrate from Samarqand Sogd, with certain Arab elites offering them practical support. Ashras, refusing to backtrack, sought to suppress the mawâlī and their supporters through various pressure mechanisms, which, coupled with military support from Turkic forces north of the Seyhun River, escalated into a regional rebellion. Consequently, much of the Sogdian territories slipped from Umayyad control, and Ashras, deemed unsuccessful, was eventually dismissed. The research is confined to Ashras variable jizya policies and their outcomes, though it also includes contextual information about the conditions under which this practice emerged and its cessation. The study demonstrates that jizya was not uniformly demanded from all mawâlī during the Umayyad period. This practice was initiated in Sogd after the death of Khorasan Governor Qutayba b. Muslim d. 96715. However, some caliphs and governors refrained from imposing such a tax, while others implemented it under specific conditions. It is also evident that although Caliph Hisham did not request the collection of jizya from the mawālī in its technical sense either in writing or verbally, he nevertheless left the final decision on this matter to the discretion of Khorasans governors. The study employs the narrative research technique, one of the qualitative research methods, as its primary methodology.

 This study explores the shifting stance of Ashras b. Abdullah, the Umayyad governor of Khorasan 109-111727-729, towards the collection of jizya from the mawālī. The aim is to contribute to the understanding of the issue of jizya collection from the mawâlī during the Umayyad period through an analysis of Ashras policies. Upon assuming office, Ashras announced the abolition of this tax for the mawâlī. However, due to an unexpected surge in conversions to Islam and the potential revenue losses, he quickly reverted to the previous governors practice of conditional jizya collection. Several factors influenced this inconsistent policy shift, including the persuasion of non-Muslim tax officials, local leaders marzûbâns and dihqâns, and perhaps most notably, Caliph Hisham b. Abd al-Maliks 105-125724-743 financial sensitivities. This fluctuating taxation policy led some mawâlī to migrate from Samarqand Sogd, with certain Arab elites offering them practical support. Ashras, refusing to backtrack, sought to suppress the mawâlī and their supporters through various pressure mechanisms, which, coupled with military support from Turkic forces north of the Seyhun River, escalated into a regional rebellion. Consequently, much of the Sogdian territories slipped from Umayyad control, and Ashras, deemed unsuccessful, was eventually dismissed. The research is confined to Ashras variable jizya policies and their outcomes, though it also includes contextual information about the conditions under which this practice emerged and its cessation. The study demonstrates that jizya was not uniformly demanded from all mawâlī during the Umayyad period. This practice was initiated in Sogd after the death of Khorasan Governor Qutayba b. Muslim d. 96715. However, some caliphs and governors refrained from imposing such a tax, while others implemented it under specific conditions. It is also evident that although Caliph Hisham did not request the collection of jizya from the mawālī in its technical sense either in writing or verbally, he nevertheless left the final decision on this matter to the discretion of Khorasans governors. The study employs the narrative research technique, one of the qualitative research methods, as its primary methodology.

 This study explores the shifting stance of Ashras b. Abdullah, the Umayyad governor of Khorasan 109-111727-729, towards the collection of jizya from the mawālī. The aim is to contribute to the understanding of the issue of jizya collection from the mawâlī during the Umayyad period through an analysis of Ashras policies. Upon assuming office, Ashras announced the abolition of this tax for the mawâlī. However, due to an unexpected surge in conversions to Islam and the potential revenue losses, he quickly reverted to the previous governors practice of conditional jizya collection. Several factors influenced this inconsistent policy shift, including the persuasion of non-Muslim tax officials, local leaders marzûbâns and dihqâns, and perhaps most notably, Caliph Hisham b. Abd al-Maliks 105-125724-743 financial sensitivities. This fluctuating taxation policy led some mawâlī to migrate from Samarqand Sogd, with certain Arab elites offering them practical support. Ashras, refusing to backtrack, sought to suppress the mawâlī and their supporters through various pressure mechanisms, which, coupled with military support from Turkic forces north of the Seyhun River, escalated into a regional rebellion. Consequently, much of the Sogdian territories slipped from Umayyad control, and Ashras, deemed unsuccessful, was eventually dismissed. The research is confined to Ashras variable jizya policies and their outcomes, though it also includes contextual information about the conditions under which this practice emerged and its cessation. The study demonstrates that jizya was not uniformly demanded from all mawâlī during the Umayyad period. This practice was initiated in Sogd after the death of Khorasan Governor Qutayba b. Muslim d. 96715. However, some caliphs and governors refrained from imposing such a tax, while others implemented it under specific conditions. It is also evident that although Caliph Hisham did not request the collection of jizya from the mawālī in its technical sense either in writing or verbally, he nevertheless left the final decision on this matter to the discretion of Khorasans governors. The study employs the narrative research technique, one of the qualitative research methods, as its primary methodology.

 Araştırma, Emevîlerin Horasan Valisi Eşres b. Abdullahın 109-111727-729 cizye hususunda mevâlî kesime karşı takındığı değişken tavrı konu edinmektedir. Amaç, Emevîler döneminde mevâlîden cizye alınması meselesinin bu tavır üzerinden aydınlatılmasına katkı sunabilmektir. Eşres, göreve geldiğinde mevâlîden alınan bu vergiyi kaldıracağını ilan etmiş, fakat beklenenin üzerinde bir İslâmlaşma gerçekleştiği için olası vergi kayıplarını göz önünde bulundurarak sabık valilerin koşullu cizye uygulamasına kısa sürede rücû etmiştir. Gayrimüslim vergi memurları, merzübânlar, dihkânlar, yerel liderlerin telkinleri ve belki de en önemlisi Halife Hişâm b. Abdülmelikin 105-125724-743 malî konulardaki hassasiyeti bu tutarsız karar değişikliğinin ardında yatan temel nedenler arasında yer alır. Ancak bu değişken vergi politikası bir grup mevâlînin Semerkantı Soğdu terk etmesine yol açmış, bazı Arap ileri gelenleri ise bu Soğdlu muhacirlere fiilî destek vermiştir. Geri adım atmayan Eşresin, çeşitli baskı mekanizmaları ile mevâlîyi ve onları destekleyenleri sindirmeye çalışması Seyhun Nehrinin kuzeyindeki Türk unsurun verdiği askerî destek ile bölgesel bir isyana dönüşmüş, neticede Soğd topraklarının büyük bir kısmı Emevîlerin elinden çıkmış ve nihayet başarısız bulunan Eşres görevden alınmıştır. Araştırma, Eşresin değişken mevâlî cizye politikası ve sonuçları ile sınırlı tutulmuş, ancak konu bütünlüğü açısından bu uygulamanın hangi şartlarda ortaya çıktığı ve kimin tarafından sona erdirildiği ile ilgili bazı bilgilere de yer verilmiştir. Çalışma ile Emevîler dönemi boyunca ülkede yaşayan bütün mevâlî sınıfından cizye talep edilmediği, bu uygulamanın Horasan Valisi Kuteybe b. Müslimin ölümünden ö. 96715 sonra Mâverâünnehirin Soğd kesiminde başlatıldığı, fakat bazı halife ve valilerin mevâlîden böyle bir vergi talep etmediği, talep edenlerin ise bunu birtakım koşullara bağladığı ortaya konulmuştur. Halife Hişâmın mevâlîden ıstılahisalt anlamda cizye alınmasını yazılı ve sözlü olarak talep etmemesine rağmen bu noktada nihai kararı Horasan valilerine bıraktığı anlaşılmaktadır. Çalışmada, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden anlatı araştırması tekniği baz alınmıştır.

Makale detayları

The Variable Jizya Policy of Ashras b. Abdullah, Governor of Khorasan, Towards the Mawâlī

Yazarlar:

Yunus Akyürek

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.8 Issue 1, pp.256-267

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350283

pISSN:

2757-8399

Islamic History

Mawālī

Conditional Jizya

Ashras b. Abdullah

Hisham b. Abd al-Malikİslâm Tarihi

Mevâlî

Koşullu Cizye

Eşres b. Abdullah

Hişâm b. Abdilmelik

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Yunus Akyürek

Yayıncı: Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Tarihi

Dergi: Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.8 Issue 1, pp.256-267

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001350283

pISSN: 2757-8399

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Yunus Akyürek

Yayıncı:

Afyon Kocatepe University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi Vol.8 Issue 1, pp.256-267

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001350283

pISSN:

2757-8399