TAX IN THE ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FORMATION OF THE ʿABBĀSIDS

Öznur Özdemir

Makale detayları

TAX IN THE ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FORMATION OF THE ʿABBĀSIDS

Yazarlar:

Öznur Özdemir

Yayıncı:

Izmir Katip Celebi University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti

Dergi:

Cihannüma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.9 Issue 2, pp.69-89

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001308471

pISSN:

2149-0678

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Since the early years of Islam, taxation has been considered a delicate issue. Zakah is ordered in the Quran as a religious duty for Muslims and its positive impact on the economy and society was also emphasized by Prophet Muhammad with his words and practices. During the reign of Caliph Abū Bakr, the Islamic army had a war with people who refused to pay zakah although they accepted to pray salah. The determined attitude on this matter established a basis for the instutionalization of zakah in the following years. A similar policy on taxation was followed during the reign of Caliph Omar. However, in addition to the zakah, which is gathered from Muslims and the jizya from non-Muslims, Muslims established an economic order with the tribute tax kharaj after the conquests of Sawad region. In order to ensure the distribution of what is collected from the public to the public, the diwan system was established, and the economic relationship between the individual and the state was highly considered. The narrations confirm that the Caliph and the companions cared about establishing a just balance based on taxes between the individual and the state. And for this reason, they had even counted the lands captured by war as fay. However, in the following years, some problems arose related to mawālī, conversion and taxes, and this situation led people to dissatisfaction, especially the non-Arab people. The unfair practices which led people to join the ʿAbbāsid revolution and the reforms to correct the injustice by the Umayyads in the last period shows that the tax practice differed considerably from the early periods of Islam. By investigating tax from the last years of Umayyads to the ʿAbbāsids, this study aims to contribute to the theories on the economic reasons for the revolution besides the religious and social ones.

 Since the early years of Islam, taxation has been considered a delicate issue. Zakah is ordered in the Quran as a religious duty for Muslims and its positive impact on the economy and society was also emphasized by Prophet Muhammad with his words and practices. During the reign of Caliph Abū Bakr, the Islamic army had a war with people who refused to pay zakah although they accepted to pray salah. The determined attitude on this matter established a basis for the instutionalization of zakah in the following years. A similar policy on taxation was followed during the reign of Caliph Omar. However, in addition to the zakah, which is gathered from Muslims and the jizya from non-Muslims, Muslims established an economic order with the tribute tax kharaj after the conquests of Sawad region. In order to ensure the distribution of what is collected from the public to the public, the diwan system was established, and the economic relationship between the individual and the state was highly considered. The narrations confirm that the Caliph and the companions cared about establishing a just balance based on taxes between the individual and the state. And for this reason, they had even counted the lands captured by war as fay. However, in the following years, some problems arose related to mawālī, conversion and taxes, and this situation led people to dissatisfaction, especially the non-Arab people. The unfair practices which led people to join the ʿAbbāsid revolution and the reforms to correct the injustice by the Umayyads in the last period shows that the tax practice differed considerably from the early periods of Islam. By investigating tax from the last years of Umayyads to the ʿAbbāsids, this study aims to contribute to the theories on the economic reasons for the revolution besides the religious and social ones.

 Since the early years of Islam, taxation has been considered a delicate issue. Zakah is ordered in the Quran as a religious duty for Muslims and its positive impact on the economy and society was also emphasized by Prophet Muhammad with his words and practices. During the reign of Caliph Abū Bakr, the Islamic army had a war with people who refused to pay zakah although they accepted to pray salah. The determined attitude on this matter established a basis for the instutionalization of zakah in the following years. A similar policy on taxation was followed during the reign of Caliph Omar. However, in addition to the zakah, which is gathered from Muslims and the jizya from non-Muslims, Muslims established an economic order with the tribute tax kharaj after the conquests of Sawad region. In order to ensure the distribution of what is collected from the public to the public, the diwan system was established, and the economic relationship between the individual and the state was highly considered. The narrations confirm that the Caliph and the companions cared about establishing a just balance based on taxes between the individual and the state. And for this reason, they had even counted the lands captured by war as fay. However, in the following years, some problems arose related to mawālī, conversion and taxes, and this situation led people to dissatisfaction, especially the non-Arab people. The unfair practices which led people to join the ʿAbbāsid revolution and the reforms to correct the injustice by the Umayyads in the last period shows that the tax practice differed considerably from the early periods of Islam. By investigating tax from the last years of Umayyads to the ʿAbbāsids, this study aims to contribute to the theories on the economic reasons for the revolution besides the religious and social ones.

 İslamiyetin ilk yıllarından itibaren vergi meselesi hassas bir konu olmuştur. Kuranda Müslümanlara dini bir vecibe olarak sunulan zekâtın, ekonomik ve toplumsal faydaları Hz. Muhammedin söz ve uygulamalarında da vurgulanmıştır. Hz. Ebubekir döneminde namaz kılarız ama zekât vermeyiz diyen bir topluluğa savaş açılması ilk Müslümanların meseleyi sosyal ve iktisadi bir zeminde kavrayışlarını göstermektedir. Bu konuda gösterilen kararlılık, sonraki yıllarda zekat uygulamasının kurumsallaşmasın esasını teşkil etmiştir. Hz. Ömer döneminde de benzer bir politikaya devam edilmiş, bununla birlikte Müslümanlardan alınan zekât ve gayr-i Müslimlerden alınan cizye yanında, Sevâd bölgesinin fethinin ardından haraç vergisi üzerinden iktisadî bir düzen oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Halktan alınanın yine halka dağıtımının sağlanması için divan adı verilen bir sistem kurulmuş, fert ve devlet arasındaki hassas iktisadî denge gözetilmiştir. Kaynaklardaki rivayetler Halifenin ve sahabenin fert ile devlet arasında vergiye dayalı bir ilişki ve halk arasında bir muvazene kurmayı önemsediklerini, hatta bu sebeple savaşla ele geçirilen toprakları da hazine arazisi hükmünde feyden saymaya yönelik bir uygulamaya gittiklerini göstermektedir. Fakat daha sonraki yıllarda mevâlî, ihtidâ ve vergi çerçevesinde özellikle gayr-ı Arap halkı hoşnutsuzluğa sevk eden mağduriyetler ortaya çıkmıştır. Nitekim Abbâsî ihtilâline giden süreçte Emevî idaresine karşı ayaklanmalara yol açan haksız uygulamalar ve özellikle Emevîlerin son döneminde haksızlığı düzeltmeye yönelik reformlar, vergi uygulamasının İslamın ilk dönemlerinden oldukça farklılaştığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Emevîlerden Abbâsilere uzanan süreçte vergi meselesini inceleyerek ihtilâlin dinî ve sosyal nedenleri yanında iktisadî nedenlerinin de gündeme alınmasına katkı sağlamaktır.

Makale detayları

TAX IN THE ISLAMIC SOCIETY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE FORMATION OF THE ʿABBĀSIDS

Yazarlar:

Öznur Özdemir

Yayıncı:

Izmir Katip Celebi University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti

Dergi:

Cihannüma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.9 Issue 2, pp.69-89

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001308471

pISSN:

2149-0678

Umayyad Period

ʿAbbāsid Revolution

Tax

Jizya

KharajEmevî Dönemi

Abbâsî İhtilâli

Vergi

Cizye

Haraç

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Öznur Özdemir

Yayıncı: Izmir Katip Celebi University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti

Dergi: Cihannüma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.9 Issue 2, pp.69-89

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001308471

pISSN: 2149-0678

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Öznur Özdemir

Yayıncı:

Izmir Katip Celebi University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi ve Medeniyeti

Dergi:

Cihannüma Tarih ve Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi Vol.9 Issue 2, pp.69-89

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001308471

pISSN:

2149-0678