Ḥikma Theories in Kalām and the Relation Between Ḥikma and Divine Act

Hasan Cansız

Makale detayları

Ḥikma Theories in Kalām and the Relation Between Ḥikma and Divine Act

Yazarlar:

Hasan Cansız

Yayıncı:

Necmettin Erbakan University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları | Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Akif Vol.53 Issue 1, pp.1-20

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001292023

pISSN:

2791-6065

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This article examines the approaches of the Muʿtazila, Ashʿariyya and Māturīdiyya sects to the concept of ḥikma wisdom and their tendency to use it to determine the scope of divine acts. Ḥikma is an intrinsic concept of the Muslim worldview since the advent of religion. This concept has been used in Kalām Islamic theology to analyze divine acts, and has played a leading role in discussions about the scope of it. Sects defined ḥikma in accordance with their theoretical approaches. The Muʿtazila defined it in terms of benefit to the man based on qiyās al-ghāʾib ʿalā al-shāhid and claimed that wisdomless acts could not be attributed to God. Contrarily, the Ashʿariyya defined ḥikma in the divine act as the conformity of the act to the irāda divine will and argued that ḥikma would not be subject to rational evaluation. The main reason behind this approach is the concern about the ʿilla causation of divine acts. This approach resulted in the loss of meaning of ḥikma as it was considered inexplicable. Māturīdiyya, on the other hand, tried to bring these two theories together at a more balanced point. They defined ḥikma as an attribute of acts with praiseworthy results. Contrary to Muʿtazila, this approach prevents reason to dominate over divine acts. On the other hand, contrary to Ashʿariyya, acknowledges its abilities in its proper limits to comprehend the scope and wisdom of divine acts.

 This article examines the approaches of the Muʿtazila, Ashʿariyya and Māturīdiyya sects to the concept of ḥikma wisdom and their tendency to use it to determine the scope of divine acts. Ḥikma is an intrinsic concept of the Muslim worldview since the advent of religion. This concept has been used in Kalām Islamic theology to analyze divine acts, and has played a leading role in discussions about the scope of it. Sects defined ḥikma in accordance with their theoretical approaches. The Muʿtazila defined it in terms of benefit to the man based on qiyās al-ghāʾib ʿalā al-shāhid and claimed that wisdomless acts could not be attributed to God. Contrarily, the Ashʿariyya defined ḥikma in the divine act as the conformity of the act to the irāda divine will and argued that ḥikma would not be subject to rational evaluation. The main reason behind this approach is the concern about the ʿilla causation of divine acts. This approach resulted in the loss of meaning of ḥikma as it was considered inexplicable. Māturīdiyya, on the other hand, tried to bring these two theories together at a more balanced point. They defined ḥikma as an attribute of acts with praiseworthy results. Contrary to Muʿtazila, this approach prevents reason to dominate over divine acts. On the other hand, contrary to Ashʿariyya, acknowledges its abilities in its proper limits to comprehend the scope and wisdom of divine acts.

 This article examines the approaches of the Muʿtazila, Ashʿariyya and Māturīdiyya sects to the concept of ḥikma wisdom and their tendency to use it to determine the scope of divine acts. Ḥikma is an intrinsic concept of the Muslim worldview since the advent of religion. This concept has been used in Kalām Islamic theology to analyze divine acts, and has played a leading role in discussions about the scope of it. Sects defined ḥikma in accordance with their theoretical approaches. The Muʿtazila defined it in terms of benefit to the man based on qiyās al-ghāʾib ʿalā al-shāhid and claimed that wisdomless acts could not be attributed to God. Contrarily, the Ashʿariyya defined ḥikma in the divine act as the conformity of the act to the irāda divine will and argued that ḥikma would not be subject to rational evaluation. The main reason behind this approach is the concern about the ʿilla causation of divine acts. This approach resulted in the loss of meaning of ḥikma as it was considered inexplicable. Māturīdiyya, on the other hand, tried to bring these two theories together at a more balanced point. They defined ḥikma as an attribute of acts with praiseworthy results. Contrary to Muʿtazila, this approach prevents reason to dominate over divine acts. On the other hand, contrary to Ashʿariyya, acknowledges its abilities in its proper limits to comprehend the scope and wisdom of divine acts.

 Bu çalışmada, Mutezile, Eşariyye ve Mâtürîdiyye mezheplerinin hikmet mefhumuna yaklaşımları ve bu yaklaşımların ilahî fiillerin kapsamını tespit için kullanma eğilimleri incelenmiştir. Hikmet, dinin gelişiyle Müslümanların anlam dünyasına girmiş bir mefhumdur. Bu mefhum, özgün bir disiplin olan Kelâm ilminde ilahî fiilleri çözümleme bağlamında kullanılmış, hatta ilahî fiillerin kapsamına ilişkin tartışmalarda başat rol üstlenmiştir. Bu kavramı her mezhep kendi teorik yaklaşımına uygun şekilde tanımlamayı tercih etmiştir. Mutezile hikmetin şahitteki tecrübeden hareketle kula yönelik fayda bağlamında anlaşılması gerektiğini savunmuş ve hikmeti tespit edilemeyen fiillerin Allaha nispet edilemeyeceğini iddia etmiştir. Bu yaklaşıma aksülamel olarak Eşarîler ilahî fillerdeki hikmeti, meydana gelen fiilin ilahî iradeye uygunluğu olarak kabul etmeyi tercih etmiş ve hikmetin rasyonel değerlendirmeye konu olmayacağını savunmuştur. Onların bu yaklaşımının temel nedeni ilahî fiillerin illet içermesi konusunda taşıdıkları kaygıdır. Ancak bu tutum hikmetin açıklanamaz bir olgu olarak kabul edilmesi nedeniyle anlamını yitirmesi sonucunu doğurmuştur. Mâtürîdîler ise bu iki teoriyi daha dengeli bir noktada buluşturmayı denemiş ve hikmeti övülmeye değer sonucu olan fiillerin sıfatı olarak kabul ederek hem aklı Mutezilenin aksine ilahî fiillere hâkim bir konuma yükseltmemiş hem de sınırlarını vurgulamak kaydıyla ilahî fiillerin kapsam ve anlamını tespit konusunda akla gereken önemi vermiştir.

Makale detayları

Ḥikma Theories in Kalām and the Relation Between Ḥikma and Divine Act

Yazarlar:

Hasan Cansız

Yayıncı:

Necmettin Erbakan University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları | Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Akif Vol.53 Issue 1, pp.1-20

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001292023

pISSN:

2791-6065

Kalām

Ḥikma

Divine Acts

Benefit

Divine WillKelâm

Hikmet

İlahî Fiiller

Fayda

İrade

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Hasan Cansız

Yayıncı: Necmettin Erbakan University

Ana Başlıklar: Din Araştırmaları | Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi: Akif Vol.53 Issue 1, pp.1-20

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001292023

pISSN: 2791-6065

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Hasan Cansız

Yayıncı:

Necmettin Erbakan University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları | Din | Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları

Dergi:

Akif Vol.53 Issue 1, pp.1-20

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001292023

pISSN:

2791-6065