Female Subjects Of Social And Class Stigmatization İn Turkish Novels: Concubines

Buşra Ataker Güneş

Makale detayları

Female Subjects Of Social And Class Stigmatization İn Turkish Novels: Concubines

Yazarlar:

Buşra Ataker Güneş

Yayıncı:

Mardin Artuklu University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı (Diğer)

Dergi:

Mukaddime Vol.16 Issue 1, pp.135-157

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

5/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001349124

pISSN:

1309-6087

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The idea that all individuals living on a global scale should be equal is undermined by prejudices, stereotypes, and discriminatory approaches that lay the groundwork for social hierarchy in society. These can be explained by the desire of the powerful to dominate the weak. The superiority of the majority over the minority or the powerful over the weak expands its scope to exclusion, marginalization, objectification, denial, and stigmatization. Stigmatization and marginalization, in this context, rely on a foundation or a center that is nourished by various arguments. This foundation and centerideology, power, gender, belief, ethnic identity, social class, or body perceptioncan emerge in very different areas. For example, social and class-based stigmatization backs a strong power or ideology. An example of class-based stigmatization is represented by slavery, where the dominated, exploited, and objectified group is portrayed. In a patriarchal society, the positioning of the female identity can also be explained through the male-female relationship. The man, who suppresses and exploits the female identity in society under various circumstances, is superior and privileged in many matters, revealing the exploitation relationship between the exploiter and the exploited. In the 19th century, when major ruptures occurred in the social, cultural, and societal domains, the living conditions of slaves, who had become objects of exploitation with the development of human rights, began to be questioned. In the novels of the Tanzimat era, through these texts focusing on change and transformation, a social critique is also carried out. The social critique presented through fictional texts reveals how slaves, representing the oppressed class in society, are stigmatized and marginalized by the ruling class or their masters. However, the different perspectives and ideologies of the writers toward slavery result in the stigmatization of slaves in some novels, while in others, they are exalted. As Goffman points out in his work Stigma, stigmatization is not absolute or concrete; it is a matter of perspective. Therefore, the ideology or worldview the writers adopt causes the same issue to be reflected in both positive and negative atmospheres. In this study, the novels Sergüzeşt and Felâtun Bey and Rakım Efendi will be evaluated in the context of stigma theory. During this evaluation, it will be demonstrated how slaves, who share similar conditions in the novels created by authors with different perspectives who either criticize or approve of slavery, are stigmatized and exalted.

 The idea that all individuals living on a global scale should be equal is undermined by prejudices, stereotypes, and discriminatory approaches that lay the groundwork for social hierarchy in society. These can be explained by the desire of the powerful to dominate the weak. The superiority of the majority over the minority or the powerful over the weak expands its scope to exclusion, marginalization, objectification, denial, and stigmatization. Stigmatization and marginalization, in this context, rely on a foundation or a center that is nourished by various arguments. This foundation and centerideology, power, gender, belief, ethnic identity, social class, or body perceptioncan emerge in very different areas. For example, social and class-based stigmatization backs a strong power or ideology. An example of class-based stigmatization is represented by slavery, where the dominated, exploited, and objectified group is portrayed. In a patriarchal society, the positioning of the female identity can also be explained through the male-female relationship. The man, who suppresses and exploits the female identity in society under various circumstances, is superior and privileged in many matters, revealing the exploitation relationship between the exploiter and the exploited. In the 19th century, when major ruptures occurred in the social, cultural, and societal domains, the living conditions of slaves, who had become objects of exploitation with the development of human rights, began to be questioned. In the novels of the Tanzimat era, through these texts focusing on change and transformation, a social critique is also carried out. The social critique presented through fictional texts reveals how slaves, representing the oppressed class in society, are stigmatized and marginalized by the ruling class or their masters. However, the different perspectives and ideologies of the writers toward slavery result in the stigmatization of slaves in some novels, while in others, they are exalted. As Goffman points out in his work Stigma, stigmatization is not absolute or concrete; it is a matter of perspective. Therefore, the ideology or worldview the writers adopt causes the same issue to be reflected in both positive and negative atmospheres. In this study, the novels Sergüzeşt and Felâtun Bey and Rakım Efendi will be evaluated in the context of stigma theory. During this evaluation, it will be demonstrated how slaves, who share similar conditions in the novels created by authors with different perspectives who either criticize or approve of slavery, are stigmatized and exalted.

 The idea that all individuals living on a global scale should be equal is undermined by prejudices, stereotypes, and discriminatory approaches that lay the groundwork for social hierarchy in society. These can be explained by the desire of the powerful to dominate the weak. The superiority of the majority over the minority or the powerful over the weak expands its scope to exclusion, marginalization, objectification, denial, and stigmatization. Stigmatization and marginalization, in this context, rely on a foundation or a center that is nourished by various arguments. This foundation and centerideology, power, gender, belief, ethnic identity, social class, or body perceptioncan emerge in very different areas. For example, social and class-based stigmatization backs a strong power or ideology. An example of class-based stigmatization is represented by slavery, where the dominated, exploited, and objectified group is portrayed. In a patriarchal society, the positioning of the female identity can also be explained through the male-female relationship. The man, who suppresses and exploits the female identity in society under various circumstances, is superior and privileged in many matters, revealing the exploitation relationship between the exploiter and the exploited. In the 19th century, when major ruptures occurred in the social, cultural, and societal domains, the living conditions of slaves, who had become objects of exploitation with the development of human rights, began to be questioned. In the novels of the Tanzimat era, through these texts focusing on change and transformation, a social critique is also carried out. The social critique presented through fictional texts reveals how slaves, representing the oppressed class in society, are stigmatized and marginalized by the ruling class or their masters. However, the different perspectives and ideologies of the writers toward slavery result in the stigmatization of slaves in some novels, while in others, they are exalted. As Goffman points out in his work Stigma, stigmatization is not absolute or concrete; it is a matter of perspective. Therefore, the ideology or worldview the writers adopt causes the same issue to be reflected in both positive and negative atmospheres. In this study, the novels Sergüzeşt and Felâtun Bey and Rakım Efendi will be evaluated in the context of stigma theory. During this evaluation, it will be demonstrated how slaves, who share similar conditions in the novels created by authors with different perspectives who either criticize or approve of slavery, are stigmatized and exalted.

 Dünya ölçeğinde yaşayan tüm bireylerin eşit olması gerektiği fikrini dumura uğratan ve toplumda sosyal hiyerarşiye zemin hazırlayan ön yargılar, kalıp yargılar ve ayrımcı yaklaşımlar; güçlünün zayıfa tahakküm etme isteği ile açıklanabilir. Çoğunluğun azınlığa ya da güçlünün zayıfa karşı üstünlüğü etki alanını dışlama, ötekileştirme, atıklaştırma, yok sayma ve damgalama olarak genişletir. Damgalama ve ötekileştirme bu bağlamda çeşitli argümanlardan beslenen bir zemine, bir merkeze yaslanır. Bu zemin ve merkez ideoloji, iktidar, cinsiyet, inanç, etnik kimlik, sosyal sınıf veya beden algısı gibi çok farklı alanlarda ortaya çıkabilir. Söz gelimi sosyal ve sınıfsal damgalama, güçlü bir iktidar ya da ideolojiyi arkasına alır. Sınıfsal damgalanma örneği olan cariyelik toplumda tahakküm edilen, sömürülen, nesneleştirilen grubu temsil eder. Ataerkil bir toplumda kadın kimliğinin nasıl konumlandığı kadın-erkek ilişkisi üzerinden de açıklanabilir. Toplumda kadın kimliğini değişik vesilelerle ezen ve sömüren erkeğin pek çok meselede üstün ve ayrıcalıklı olması sömüren-sömürülen ilişkisini ortaya koyar. Toplumsal, kültürel ve sosyal alanda büyük kırılmaların yaşandığı on dokuzuncu yüzyılda insan haklarının da gelişmesiyle toplumda sömürü nesnesi hâline gelen cariyelerin yaşam şartları sorgulanmaya başlar. Tanzimat Devri romanlarında değişim ve dönüşümün merkeze alındığı bu metinler aracılığıyla sosyal bir eleştirinin de gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir. Kurgusal metinler aracılığıyla ortaya koyulan sosyal eleştiri ile toplumda ezilen sınıfı temsil eden cariyelerin hükmeden sınıf ya da efendileri konumunda olanlar tarafından nasıl damgalanıp ötekileştirildikleri göz önüne serilir. Ancak cariyeliğe karşı yazarların farklı bakış açıları ve ideolojileri cariyelerin bazı romanlarda damgalanmalarına vesile olurken; bazılarında ise yüceltilmelerini sağlar. Goffmanın Damga eserinde ortaya koyduğu gibi damgalama mutlak ya da somut bir şey değildir, bakış açısıyla ilgili bir durumdur. Dolayısıyla yazarların yaslandığı ideoloji veya dünya görüşü aynı meselenin olumlu ve olumsuz bir atmosferde yansıtılmasına sebebiyet verir. Bu çalışmada damgalama kuramı bağlamında Sergüzeşt ve Felâtun Bey ile Rakım Efendi romanları değerlendirilecektir. Bu değerlendirme yapılırken; cariyeliği eleştiren ve tasvip eden yazarların farklı bakış açılarıyla kurguladıkları söz konusu romanlarda benzer şartları paylaşan cariyelerin nasıl damgalandıkları ve yüceltildikleri gösterilecektir.

Makale detayları

Female Subjects Of Social And Class Stigmatization İn Turkish Novels: Concubines

Yazarlar:

Buşra Ataker Güneş

Yayıncı:

Mardin Artuklu University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı (Diğer)

Dergi:

Mukaddime Vol.16 Issue 1, pp.135-157

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

5/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001349124

pISSN:

1309-6087

Turkish novel

stigmatization

social critique

gender

slaves.Türk Romanı

damgalama

sosyal eleştiri

toplumsal cinsiyet

cariyeler

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Buşra Ataker Güneş

Yayıncı: Mardin Artuklu University

Ana Başlıklar: Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı (Diğer)

Dergi: Mukaddime Vol.16 Issue 1, pp.135-157

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 5/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001349124

pISSN: 1309-6087

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Buşra Ataker Güneş

Yayıncı:

Mardin Artuklu University

Ana Başlıklar:

Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı (Diğer)

Dergi:

Mukaddime Vol.16 Issue 1, pp.135-157

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

5/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001349124

pISSN:

1309-6087