Conceptual, Historical and Practical Aspects of Apostasy and Freedom of Belief

Faruk Sancar; Rıza Korkmazgöz

Makale detayları

Conceptual, Historical and Practical Aspects of Apostasy and Freedom of Belief

Yazarlar:

Faruk Sancar | Rıza Korkmazgöz

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

Kelam

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.27 Issue 2, pp.404-421

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001305161

pISSN:

2528-9861

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The rapid change in the world after the Enlightenment not only brought about revolutionary scientific and technological innovations, but also opened the door to important transformations in the context of thought. Especially with the wind created by the French Revolution, some concepts such as equality, fraternity, and justice, which were already in circulation before, came to the fore even more. One of the concepts that was magnified in this process was freedom. The concept manifested itself in philosophy as an understanding of free will against the idea of determinism, and in politics as independence against oppressive governments. Since the day it was addressed as an independent topic, it has attracted attention with its different types and aspects, including freedom of the press, freedom of thought, freedom of expression, freedom of religion and conscience. We see that the intellectual adventure of the Western world in the last two centuries has been shaped around these concepts. The libertarian attitude, which at first manifested itself as a rebellion against religious and secular authorities, was later driven to extremes that saw itself as independent from all moral and social norms. These debates were inevitably reflected in the field of theology, and topics such as the position of the will of man against Gods will, fate and the problem of evil were reconsidered according to contemporary claims and objections. The atheistic tendencies that emerged in the Western world claimed that all religions deprive man of the possibility of being an active subject on earth and that a person who believes that all hisher actions are known and determined cannot be truly free. This point is actually one of several important issues that contemporary atheism raises against theism. These debates have also reached the Islamic world and the issue continued to be addressed with similar arguments. At its core, each of these claims rests on the assumption that Islams conception of the human being leaves no room for individual freedom. Although the problem has different aspects such as fate and theodicy, one of the most striking aspects of the problem is the question of whether man has the right to reject Islam as well as the right to enter Islam by ones own free will. It is important to answer this question. Because some practices from the early period of Islamic history and the assumptions that apostates should be killed according to certain conditions, which are accepted as an established jurisprudence in Islamic law, have provided important opportunities for anti-Islamic ideas and ideologies. This article shows how the issue has been dealt with in the classical literature, while at the same time suggesting solutions on how to approach the phenomenon of conversion today. In addition, the study will show that the issue is dealt with in the context of public security in the fiqh literature, and therefore, the current cases of conversion or apostasy do not fully correspond to the discussions in the classical period.

 The rapid change in the world after the Enlightenment not only brought about revolutionary scientific and technological innovations, but also opened the door to important transformations in the context of thought. Especially with the wind created by the French Revolution, some concepts such as equality, fraternity, and justice, which were already in circulation before, came to the fore even more. One of the concepts that was magnified in this process was freedom. The concept manifested itself in philosophy as an understanding of free will against the idea of determinism, and in politics as independence against oppressive governments. Since the day it was addressed as an independent topic, it has attracted attention with its different types and aspects, including freedom of the press, freedom of thought, freedom of expression, freedom of religion and conscience. We see that the intellectual adventure of the Western world in the last two centuries has been shaped around these concepts. The libertarian attitude, which at first manifested itself as a rebellion against religious and secular authorities, was later driven to extremes that saw itself as independent from all moral and social norms. These debates were inevitably reflected in the field of theology, and topics such as the position of the will of man against Gods will, fate and the problem of evil were reconsidered according to contemporary claims and objections. The atheistic tendencies that emerged in the Western world claimed that all religions deprive man of the possibility of being an active subject on earth and that a person who believes that all hisher actions are known and determined cannot be truly free. This point is actually one of several important issues that contemporary atheism raises against theism. These debates have also reached the Islamic world and the issue continued to be addressed with similar arguments. At its core, each of these claims rests on the assumption that Islams conception of the human being leaves no room for individual freedom. Although the problem has different aspects such as fate and theodicy, one of the most striking aspects of the problem is the question of whether man has the right to reject Islam as well as the right to enter Islam by ones own free will. It is important to answer this question. Because some practices from the early period of Islamic history and the assumptions that apostates should be killed according to certain conditions, which are accepted as an established jurisprudence in Islamic law, have provided important opportunities for anti-Islamic ideas and ideologies. This article shows how the issue has been dealt with in the classical literature, while at the same time suggesting solutions on how to approach the phenomenon of conversion today. In addition, the study will show that the issue is dealt with in the context of public security in the fiqh literature, and therefore, the current cases of conversion or apostasy do not fully correspond to the discussions in the classical period.

 The rapid change in the world after the Enlightenment not only brought about revolutionary scientific and technological innovations, but also opened the door to important transformations in the context of thought. Especially with the wind created by the French Revolution, some concepts such as equality, fraternity, and justice, which were already in circulation before, came to the fore even more. One of the concepts that was magnified in this process was freedom. The concept manifested itself in philosophy as an understanding of free will against the idea of determinism, and in politics as independence against oppressive governments. Since the day it was addressed as an independent topic, it has attracted attention with its different types and aspects, including freedom of the press, freedom of thought, freedom of expression, freedom of religion and conscience. We see that the intellectual adventure of the Western world in the last two centuries has been shaped around these concepts. The libertarian attitude, which at first manifested itself as a rebellion against religious and secular authorities, was later driven to extremes that saw itself as independent from all moral and social norms. These debates were inevitably reflected in the field of theology, and topics such as the position of the will of man against Gods will, fate and the problem of evil were reconsidered according to contemporary claims and objections. The atheistic tendencies that emerged in the Western world claimed that all religions deprive man of the possibility of being an active subject on earth and that a person who believes that all hisher actions are known and determined cannot be truly free. This point is actually one of several important issues that contemporary atheism raises against theism. These debates have also reached the Islamic world and the issue continued to be addressed with similar arguments. At its core, each of these claims rests on the assumption that Islams conception of the human being leaves no room for individual freedom. Although the problem has different aspects such as fate and theodicy, one of the most striking aspects of the problem is the question of whether man has the right to reject Islam as well as the right to enter Islam by ones own free will. It is important to answer this question. Because some practices from the early period of Islamic history and the assumptions that apostates should be killed according to certain conditions, which are accepted as an established jurisprudence in Islamic law, have provided important opportunities for anti-Islamic ideas and ideologies. This article shows how the issue has been dealt with in the classical literature, while at the same time suggesting solutions on how to approach the phenomenon of conversion today. In addition, the study will show that the issue is dealt with in the context of public security in the fiqh literature, and therefore, the current cases of conversion or apostasy do not fully correspond to the discussions in the classical period.

 Aydınlanma Çağı sonrasında dünyada yaşanan hızlı değişim, bilimsel ve teknolojik anlamda devrimsel yenilikler meydana getirdiği gibi düşünce bağlamında da önemli dönüşümlerin kapısını aralamıştır. Özellikle Fransız ihtilalinin oluşturduğu rüzgarla birlikte daha önceden tedavülde olan eşitlik, kardeşlik, adalet gibi bazı kavramlar çok daha fazla gündeme gelmiştir. Bu süreçte ön plana çıkan kavramlardan birisi de özgürlüktür. Kavram, felsefede determinizm fikrinin karşısında özgür irade anlayışı olarak; siyasette baskıcı yönetimlere karşı bağımsızlık şeklinde kendini göstermiştir. Konu, müstakil bir başlık olarak ele alındığı günden itibaren, -basın, düşünce, ifade, din ve vicdan hürriyeti olmak üzere- farklı tür ve boyutlarıyla dikkati çekmiştir. Batı dünyasının son iki asırlık düşünsel serüveninin de aslında bu kavramlar etrafında şekillendiğini görüyoruz. İlk başta dinî ve dünyevî otoritelere başkaldırı şekilde kendisini gösteren özgürlükçü tavır, daha sonraları kendisini bütün ahlakî ve toplumsal normlardan bağımsız gören uç noktalara kadar savrulmuştur. Bu tartışmalar ister istemez ilahiyat alanına da yansımış ve insanın iradesinin tanrının iradesi karşındaki konumu, kader ve kötülük problemi gibi başlıklar, çağdaş iddia ve itirazlara göre yeniden ele alınmıştır. Batı dünyasında ortaya çıkan ateist eğilimler, bütün dinlerin insanı yeryüzünde aktif bir özne imkanından mahrum bıraktığını ve bütün eylemlerinin bilindiğine ve belirlendiğine inanan bir insanın gerçek anlamda özgür olamayacağını iddia etmişlerdir. Bu nokta aslında çağdaş ateizmin teizme yönelttiği birkaç önemli konu başlığından biridir. Çok geçmeden bu tartışmalar İslam dünyasına da taşınmış ve benzer argümanlarla konu ele alınmaya devam etmiştir. Bu iddiaların her biri özünde, İslamın insan tasavvurunun bireye herhangi bir özgürlük alanı bırakmadığı varsayımına dayanır. Problemin başta kader ve teodise gibi farklı boyutları olmakla birlikte dikkati çeken yönlerinden birisi de insanın özgür iradesiyle İslâma girme hakkı olduğu gibi inkâr hakkının da bulunup bulunmadığı sorusudur. Bu sorunun cevaplanması önemlidir. Çünkü İslâm tarihinin erken dönemine ait bazı uygulamalar ile İslâm hukukunda yerleşik bir içtihatmış gibi kabul gören dinden dönenlerin belli şartlara göre öldürülmesi gerektiğine dair kabuller, İslâm karşıtı düşünce ve ideolojilere önemli fırsatlar sunmuştur. Bu makale bir yandan klasik birikimde konunun nasıl ele alındığını göstermeye çalışırken bir yandan da günümüzdeki din değiştirme olgusuna nasıl yaklaşılması gerektiğine dair çözüm önerileri sunmaya çalışacaktır. Ayrıca çalışmada fıkıh literatüründe meselenin daha ziyade kamu güvenliği bağlamında ele alındığı, dolayısıyla da günümüzdeki din değiştirme veya dinden dönme hadiselerinin klasik dönemdeki tartışmalarla tam olarak örtüşmediği ortaya konulacaktır.

Makale detayları

Conceptual, Historical and Practical Aspects of Apostasy and Freedom of Belief

Yazarlar:

Faruk Sancar | Rıza Korkmazgöz

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

Kelam

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.27 Issue 2, pp.404-421

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001305161

pISSN:

2528-9861

Kalam

Force

Free Will

Apostasy

Apostate

Religious FreedomKelam

İkrah

Özgür İrade

İrtidât/Dinden Dönme

Din Hürriyeti

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Faruk Sancar | Rıza Korkmazgöz

Yayıncı: Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar: Kelam

Dergi: Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.27 Issue 2, pp.404-421

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001305161

pISSN: 2528-9861

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Faruk Sancar | Rıza Korkmazgöz

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

Kelam

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.27 Issue 2, pp.404-421

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001305161

pISSN:

2528-9861