Longing in Andalusian Arabic Poetry

Harun Özel

Makale detayları

Longing in Andalusian Arabic Poetry

Yazarlar:

Harun Özel

Yayıncı:

Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar:

Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi:

İlahiyat Akademi Issue 19, pp.79-102

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001321894

pISSN:

2149-3979

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 Longing is one of the oldest themes in the Arabic poetic tradition. Imruʾ al-Qays d. 540 ?, one of the poets of the Jāhiliyya period, expressed his longing for the good old days and his beloved through the ruins of the place left by the departed lover in the prologue of the traditional ode called nesīb, and this method inspired the longing poems of many poets who came after him. In the subsequent centuries, the theme of longing continued to captivate poets, especially those who joined expeditions alongside the Islamic army. These poets, engaged in warfare, deeply felt the fear of not being able to reunite with their homeland, spouses, friends, and children and expressed their yearnings through their poetry. Undoubtedly, Andalusia was one of the places where poems of longing increased the most. The first examples of longing poems in Andalusia emerged during the Andalusian Umayyad period 756-1031. The first person to write a poem about longing in this period was ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil d. 172788, the founder of the Umayyad State of Andalusia. These themes, which initially emerged as a longing for the East, gradually acquired a distinctive identity with the adoption of Andalusian lands as a homeland. During this period, the Andalusians long-term travels to the East for reasons such as trade, pursuit of knowledge, or pilgrimage have been the most significant factors in the emergence of longing poetry unique to Andalusia. The turning point of the Andalusian longing poems is the period of Mulūk al-ṭawāif, which coincides with the 5th11th century 1031-1090. From the end of the al-Muwaḥḥid period 1130-1269, the loss of most of the lands, except for a limited area in the south, led some Andalusians to migrate to Maghrib and the East, separating them from their families and loved ones. All these factors led poets from the beginning of the era of the Mulūk al-ṭawāif to turn intensively to poems on the theme of longing. As a result of this intense interest, which continued to increase from the end of the al-Muwaḥḥid period onwards, poems of longing diversified in terms of subject matter and developed greatly in terms of quantity and quality, becoming one of the three or four themes in which Andalusians surpassed Eastern poets. The feelings of longing, yearning, and separation echoing in their poetry have an important place in Andalusias historical heritage. The works of these poets reflect not only the suffering of their times, but also the inherent human feelings of homesickness and longing. In this study, after giving a brief information about the development process of Andalusian longing poems, examples of Andalusian poets poems that are thought to contain many real emotions such as pain, suffering and longing about their real lives are presented. It is aimed to make sense of these examples within the political, social and cultural framework of the period. The poetry samples are analyzed under five headings: homesickness, family longing, longing for friends, longing for lover and complaint of expatriation.

 Longing is one of the oldest themes in the Arabic poetic tradition. Imruʾ al-Qays d. 540 ?, one of the poets of the Jāhiliyya period, expressed his longing for the good old days and his beloved through the ruins of the place left by the departed lover in the prologue of the traditional ode called nesīb, and this method inspired the longing poems of many poets who came after him. In the subsequent centuries, the theme of longing continued to captivate poets, especially those who joined expeditions alongside the Islamic army. These poets, engaged in warfare, deeply felt the fear of not being able to reunite with their homeland, spouses, friends, and children and expressed their yearnings through their poetry. Undoubtedly, Andalusia was one of the places where poems of longing increased the most. The first examples of longing poems in Andalusia emerged during the Andalusian Umayyad period 756-1031. The first person to write a poem about longing in this period was ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil d. 172788, the founder of the Umayyad State of Andalusia. These themes, which initially emerged as a longing for the East, gradually acquired a distinctive identity with the adoption of Andalusian lands as a homeland. During this period, the Andalusians long-term travels to the East for reasons such as trade, pursuit of knowledge, or pilgrimage have been the most significant factors in the emergence of longing poetry unique to Andalusia. The turning point of the Andalusian longing poems is the period of Mulūk al-ṭawāif, which coincides with the 5th11th century 1031-1090. From the end of the al-Muwaḥḥid period 1130-1269, the loss of most of the lands, except for a limited area in the south, led some Andalusians to migrate to Maghrib and the East, separating them from their families and loved ones. All these factors led poets from the beginning of the era of the Mulūk al-ṭawāif to turn intensively to poems on the theme of longing. As a result of this intense interest, which continued to increase from the end of the al-Muwaḥḥid period onwards, poems of longing diversified in terms of subject matter and developed greatly in terms of quantity and quality, becoming one of the three or four themes in which Andalusians surpassed Eastern poets. The feelings of longing, yearning, and separation echoing in their poetry have an important place in Andalusias historical heritage. The works of these poets reflect not only the suffering of their times, but also the inherent human feelings of homesickness and longing. In this study, after giving a brief information about the development process of Andalusian longing poems, examples of Andalusian poets poems that are thought to contain many real emotions such as pain, suffering and longing about their real lives are presented. It is aimed to make sense of these examples within the political, social and cultural framework of the period. The poetry samples are analyzed under five headings: homesickness, family longing, longing for friends, longing for lover and complaint of expatriation.

 Longing is one of the oldest themes in the Arabic poetic tradition. Imruʾ al-Qays d. 540 ?, one of the poets of the Jāhiliyya period, expressed his longing for the good old days and his beloved through the ruins of the place left by the departed lover in the prologue of the traditional ode called nesīb, and this method inspired the longing poems of many poets who came after him. In the subsequent centuries, the theme of longing continued to captivate poets, especially those who joined expeditions alongside the Islamic army. These poets, engaged in warfare, deeply felt the fear of not being able to reunite with their homeland, spouses, friends, and children and expressed their yearnings through their poetry. Undoubtedly, Andalusia was one of the places where poems of longing increased the most. The first examples of longing poems in Andalusia emerged during the Andalusian Umayyad period 756-1031. The first person to write a poem about longing in this period was ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil d. 172788, the founder of the Umayyad State of Andalusia. These themes, which initially emerged as a longing for the East, gradually acquired a distinctive identity with the adoption of Andalusian lands as a homeland. During this period, the Andalusians long-term travels to the East for reasons such as trade, pursuit of knowledge, or pilgrimage have been the most significant factors in the emergence of longing poetry unique to Andalusia. The turning point of the Andalusian longing poems is the period of Mulūk al-ṭawāif, which coincides with the 5th11th century 1031-1090. From the end of the al-Muwaḥḥid period 1130-1269, the loss of most of the lands, except for a limited area in the south, led some Andalusians to migrate to Maghrib and the East, separating them from their families and loved ones. All these factors led poets from the beginning of the era of the Mulūk al-ṭawāif to turn intensively to poems on the theme of longing. As a result of this intense interest, which continued to increase from the end of the al-Muwaḥḥid period onwards, poems of longing diversified in terms of subject matter and developed greatly in terms of quantity and quality, becoming one of the three or four themes in which Andalusians surpassed Eastern poets. The feelings of longing, yearning, and separation echoing in their poetry have an important place in Andalusias historical heritage. The works of these poets reflect not only the suffering of their times, but also the inherent human feelings of homesickness and longing. In this study, after giving a brief information about the development process of Andalusian longing poems, examples of Andalusian poets poems that are thought to contain many real emotions such as pain, suffering and longing about their real lives are presented. It is aimed to make sense of these examples within the political, social and cultural framework of the period. The poetry samples are analyzed under five headings: homesickness, family longing, longing for friends, longing for lover and complaint of expatriation.

 Özlem, Arap şiir geleneğindeki en eski temalardan biridir. Câhiliye dönemi şairlerinden İmruülkays ö. 540 ?, geleneksel kasidenin nesîb adı verilen giriş bölümünde göç edip giden sevgilinin terk ettiği yerde durup kalıntılar üzerinden eski güzel günlere ve sevgiliye özlemini dile getirmiş ve bu yöntemle kendisinden sonra gelen pek çok şairin özlem şiirlerine ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Sonraki asırlarda özlem teması, şairlerin ilgisini çekmeye devam etmiş, özellikle İslâm ordusuyla birlikte fethe katılan şairler, savaş halinde oldukları için memleket, eş, dost ve çocuklarına kavuşamama korkusunu en derinden hissetmişler ve şiirleri aracılığıyla özlemlerini dile getirmişlerdir. Şüphesiz özlem şiirlerinin en fazla artış gösterdiği yerlerin başında Endülüs gelmektedir. Endülüste özlem şiirlerinin ilk örnekleri Endülüs Emevîleri döneminde 756-1031 ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu dönemde özlemle alakalı ilk şiir nazmeden kişi Endülüs Emevî Devletinin kurucusu Abdurrahman ed-Dâhildir ö. 172788. Başlangıçta Doğuya özlem şeklinde ortaya çıkan bu temalar, zamanla Endülüs topraklarının vatan olarak benimsenmesiyle kendine özgü bir kimlik kazanmıştır. Söz konusu dönemde, Endülüslülerin ticaret, ilim tahsili veya hac ibadeti gibi nedenlerle Doğuya uzun süreli seyahatler yapmaları, Endülüse özgü özlem şiirlerinin ortaya çıkmasında en önemli etken olmuştur. Endülüs özlem şiirlerinin dönüm noktası 5.11. asra denk gelen Mülûküt-tavâif dönemidir 1031-1090. Bu dönemde Endülüsün yirmiden fazla küçük devletçiğe bölünmesi, bu devletçiklerin düşmanla mücadele yerine birbirleriyle mücadeleye girişmeleri, bazı şehirlerin Hıristiyan krallıkların eline geçmesine ve Endülüslülerin bir şehirden başka bir şehre göç etmelerine yol açmıştır. Muvahhidler döneminin 1130-1269 sonlarından itibaren ise güneyde sınırlı bir alan dışında toprakların çoğunun kaybedilmesi Endülüslülerin bir kısmının Mağrib ve Doğuya göç etmelerine, ailelerinden ve sevdiklerinden ayrılmalarına yol açmıştır. Bahsedilen tüm bu faktörler, Mülûküt-tavâif döneminin başlarından itibaren şairlerin yoğun bir şekilde özlem temasıyla ilgili şiirlere yönelmesini sağlamıştır. Muvahhidler döneminin sonlarından itibaren artarak devam eden bu yoğun ilgi neticesinde özlem şiirleri hem konu bakımından çeşitlenmiş hem de nicelik ve nitelik bakımından büyük bir gelişme göstererek Endülüslülerin, Doğulu şairleri geçtikleri üç dört temadan biri haline gelmiştir. Onların şiirlerinde yankılanan hasret, özlem ve ayrılık duyguları, Endülüsün tarihî mirasında önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu şairlerin eserleri, sadece dönemlerinin acılarını değil, aynı zamanda insanın doğasında var olan vatan sevgisi ve özlem duygularını da yansıtmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Endülüs özlem şiirlerinin gelişim süreci hakkında kısa bilgi verildikten sonra Endülüslü şairlerin gerçek hayatlarına dair acı, ızdırap ve özlem gibi pek çok gerçek duyguyu barındırdığı düşünülen şiirlerinden örnekler sunularak bu örneklerin dönemin siyasî, sosyal ve kültürel çerçevesi içerisinde anlamlandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Şiir örnekleri; Vatan özlemi, aile özlemi, arkadaş özlemi, sevgiliye özlem ve gurbetten şikâyet olmak üzere toplam beş başlık altında incelenmiştir.

Makale detayları

Longing in Andalusian Arabic Poetry

Yazarlar:

Harun Özel

Yayıncı:

Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar:

Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi:

İlahiyat Akademi Issue 19, pp.79-102

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001321894

pISSN:

2149-3979

Arabic Language and Rhetoric

Andalusia

Andalusian Poetry

Longing

Exile.Arap Dili ve Belagati

Endülüs

Endülüs Şiiri

Özlem

Gurbet.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Harun Özel

Yayıncı: Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar: Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi: İlahiyat Akademi Issue 19, pp.79-102

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001321894

pISSN: 2149-3979

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Harun Özel

Yayıncı:

Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar:

Arap Dili ve Belagatı

Dergi:

İlahiyat Akademi Issue 19, pp.79-102

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001321894

pISSN:

2149-3979