Fāṭimīd-Idrīsīd Relations (297-375/909-985)

Furkan Erbaş

Makale detayları

Fāṭimīd-Idrīsīd Relations (297-375/909-985)

Yazarlar:

Furkan Erbaş

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.12 Issue 1, pp.260-275

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001320112

pISSN:

2717-610X

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The political and social events that took place towards the end of the Ḫulefā-yi Rāshidīn period in the history of Islām paved the way for the separation of Muslim society. This situation led to the emergence of many sects in a short time. People belonging to Shīʿa, the common name of those who united around the idea that the caliphate belonged to the Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb and his descendants, rebelled against the Umayyad rule, but these rebellions were always suppressed bloodily. During the Abbāsīd period, Shiites continued to revolt against the government. Soon after, the Shiites succeeded in establishing dynasties such as the Ḥamdānīds and the al-Buwayhīds in the eastern region, where the Sunnī Abbāsīds were headquartered, from the beginning of the 4th10th century. The Shiites established dynasties in the western region of Maghrib even before this date. The lands of the Maghrib, known for their remoteness from the central government, paved the way for the establishment of many opposing dynasties throughout history. Idrīs b. Abdullāh, a descendant of Ḥasan, the son of Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb, who was defeated in the battle of Faḫ with the Abbāsīds and fled to the Maghrib, succeeded in establishing the first Shiite dynasty in the region, the Idrīsīds, in Morocco, west of the Maghrib, in 172789. The Idrīsīds, who belonged to the Zaydī sect, tried to expand their dominance by engaging in political and military activities in the region since their establishment. The Fāṭimīds, who, like the Idrīsīds, fled from the pursuit of the Abbāsids and came to the region at the beginning of the 410. century, succeeded in establishing their dynasty in 297909 in Ifrīḳiyya, east of the Maghrib. The Fāṭimīds, who belonged to the Ismāʿīlī branch of Shīʿa, tried to conquer the entire Maghrib in a short time with an expansionist approach. This goal of the Fāṭimīds led to the confrontation of two dynasties belonging to the Shīʿa sect, thus beginning the Fāṭimīd-Idrīsīd relations that would last for about seventy-five years. The first Fāṭimīd caliph, Ubaydullāh al-Mahdī, entered the Idrīsīd-dominated region of Maghrib al-Aḳṣā and subjugated the Idrīsīds. Although the Idrīsīds attempted to regain control, they were not successful. However, after al-Mahdīs death, the Idrīsīds regained control. However, caliph al-Ḳāim-Biemrillāh dispatched his armies to the region and soon re-established Fāṭimīd rule in Maghrib. The Khāridjite Abū Yazīd al-Nukkārīs great rebellion against the Fāṭimīds, which started in the middle of the Maghrib and extended to Ifrīḳiyya, gave the Idrīsīds the opportunity they were looking for. The wave of rebellion that began under caliph al-Ḳāim and was suppressed under caliph Manṣūr-Billāh paved the way for the Idrīsīds to act independently again. However, the intervention of the Umayyad State of Andalusia in Maghrib al-Aḳṣā and the capture of Tangier, which was held by the Idrīsīds, caused the Idrīsīds to submit to the Umayyad State of Andalusia. After that, the Idrīsīds tried to continue their lives by being subject to whoever was powerful in the region. During the reign of the fourth Fāṭimīd Caliph al-Muizz-Lidīnillāh, the Fāṭimīds regained control of the Maghrib and once again subjugated the Idrīsīds. The Idrīsīds soon regained their independence when a large part of the Fāṭimīd armies were sent east to conquer Egypt. Caliph al-Muizz sent his army to the region again to prevent the Idrīsīds from regaining their former power. The Idrīsīds, who acted as vassals of the Fāṭimīds from then on, were forced to go to Andalusia after the Umayyad caliph of Andalusia, al-Ḥakam II, took advantage of the Fāṭimīds moving the caliphate center to Egypt to send his armies to the region and establish his rule. The members of the Idrīsīd dynasty stayed in Andalusia for a while and then went to Cairo, where the Fāṭimīds were located, and pledged allegiance to Caliph al-Azīz-Billāh. After Caliph al-Azīz appointed the Idrīsīd leader al-Ḥasan II as governor of Maghrib al-Aḳṣā, al-Ḥasan II lost the war with the Umayyad State of Andalusia and was captured and later killed. Thus, with the death of al-Ḥasan II, the Idrīsīd dynasty in Maghrib disappeared.

 Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminin sonlarına doğru meydana gelen siyasî ve ictimaî hadiseler müslüman toplumun ayrışmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu durum kısa süre içerisinde birçok mezhebin ortaya çıkmasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Yönetimin Hz. Aliye ve onun soyundan gelenlere ait olduğu düşüncesi etrafında birleşenlerin ortak adı olan Şîaya mensup kimseler, Emevî yönetimine karşı isyanlar çıkarmış ancak bu isyanlar her defasında kanlı bir şekilde bastırılmıştır. Abbâsîler döneminde de Şiîler, yönetime karşı ayaklanmalar çıkarmaya devam etmişlerdir. Çok geçmeden Şiîler, Sünnî Abbâsîlerin merkezinin bulunduğu doğu bölgesinde 410. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren Hamdânîler ve Büveyhîler gibi hânedanlıklar kurmayı başarmışlardır. Şiîler, bu tarihten daha önce batı bölgesinde bulunan Mağribde hânedanlık kurabilmişlerdir. Abbâsîler ile yapmış olduğu Fah savaşının ardından aldığı yenilgi sonucu Mağribe kaçan Hz. Hasanın torunlarından İdrîs b. Abdullâh, 172789 yılında Mağribin batısında bulunan Fasta İdrîsî hânedanlığını kurmuştur. Zeydî mezhebine mensup İdrîsîler, kuruluşlarından itibaren bölgede siyasî ve askerî faaliyetler göstererek hâkimiyetlerini genişletmeye çalışmışlardır. İdrîsîler gibi Abbâsîlerin takibatından kaçarak bölgeye gelen Fâtımîler, Mağribin doğusunda bulunan İfrîkıyede 297909 yılında hânedanlıklarını kurmaya muvaffak olmuşlardır. Yayılmacı anlayışla hareket etmeyi benimseyen Şîanın İsmâilî koluna mensup Fâtımîler, kısa süre içerisinde Mağribin tamamını ele geçirmeye çalışmışlardır. Bu durum Şîa mezhebine mensup iki hânedanlığın karşı karşıya gelmesine sebebiyet vermiş, böylece yaklaşık yetmiş beş yıl sürecek olan Fâtımî-İdrîsî ilişkileri başlamıştır. İlk Fâtımî halifesi Ubeydullâh el-Mehdî, Mağribül-Aksâ topraklarına girerek İdrîsîleri itaat altına almıştır. İdrîsîler, Mağribül-Aksâ topraklarını yeniden ele geçirmeye çalışmışlarsa da bunda başarılı olamamışlardır. Ubeydullâh el-Mehdînin ölümüyle İdrîsîler yeniden bölgeyi ele geçirmişlerdir. Ancak Halife Kâim-Biemrillâh ordularını bölgeye sevk ederek kısa süre içerisinde Mağribde yeniden Fâtımî hâkimiyetini tesis etmiştir. Mağribin ortalarından başlayıp İfrîkıyeyi içine alan hâricî Ebû Yezîd en-Nükkârînin Fâtımîlere yönelik başlattığı büyük isyan hareketi İdrîsîlere bekledikleri fırsatı vermiştir. Halife Kâim-Biemrillâh döneminde başlayıp Halife Mansûr-Billâh döneminde bastırılabilen isyan dalgası İdrîsîlerin yeniden bağımsız hareket etmelerine zemin hazırlamıştır. Bununla birlikte Endülüs Emevî devletinin Mağribül-Aksâya müdahalede bulunarak İdrîsîlerin elinde bulunan Tancayı ele geçirmesi, İdrîsîlerin Endülüs Emevî devletine itaat etmelerine sebebiyet vermiştir. Bu vakitten sonra İdrîsîler, bölgede kim güçlüyse ona tabi olarak hayatlarını devam ettirme çabası içerisinde olmuşlardır. Halife Muizz-Lidînillâh dönemine gelindiğinde Fâtımîler, Mağribi tekrar hâkimiyet altına alma hedeflerinin bir sonucu olarak İdrîsîleri bir kez daha itaat altına almışlardır. Kısa süre içerisinde Fâtımî ordularının büyük çoğunluğunun Mısırı ele geçirmek üzere doğuya gönderilmesiyle İdrîsîler yeniden bağımsızlıklarını ilân etmişlerdir. Fâtımî halifesi Muizzin bir kez daha ordusunu bölgeye göndermesi, İdrîsîlerin bölgede yeniden eski gücüne ulaşma hayallerini suya düşüren bir adım olmuştur. Bu tarihten itibaren kısa süreliğine Fâtımîlerin vasalı olarak hareket eden İdrîsî hânedanlığı, Endülüs Emevî halifesi II. Hakemin Fâtımîlerin hilâfet merkezini Mısıra taşımalarını fırsat bilerek bölgeye ordularını gönderip hâkimiyeti tesis etmesinin ardından İdrîsîler Endülüse gitmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bundan sonra Halife Azîz-Billâhın desteğini alarak Mağribül-Aksâda Endülüs Emevî devletine karşı mücadeleye girişen İdrîsî lideri II. Hasanın savaşı kaybetmesi ve öldürülmesi sonucu İdrîsî hânedanlığı fiilî olarak sona ermiştir.

 The political and social events that took place towards the end of the Ḫulefā-yi Rāshidīn period in the history of Islām paved the way for the separation of Muslim society. This situation led to the emergence of many sects in a short time. People belonging to Shīʿa, the common name of those who united around the idea that the caliphate belonged to the Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb and his descendants, rebelled against the Umayyad rule, but these rebellions were always suppressed bloodily. During the Abbāsīd period, Shiites continued to revolt against the government. Soon after, the Shiites succeeded in establishing dynasties such as the Ḥamdānīds and the al-Buwayhīds in the eastern region, where the Sunnī Abbāsīds were headquartered, from the beginning of the 4th10th century. The Shiites established dynasties in the western region of Maghrib even before this date. The lands of the Maghrib, known for their remoteness from the central government, paved the way for the establishment of many opposing dynasties throughout history. Idrīs b. Abdullāh, a descendant of Ḥasan, the son of Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb, who was defeated in the battle of Faḫ with the Abbāsīds and fled to the Maghrib, succeeded in establishing the first Shiite dynasty in the region, the Idrīsīds, in Morocco, west of the Maghrib, in 172789. The Idrīsīds, who belonged to the Zaydī sect, tried to expand their dominance by engaging in political and military activities in the region since their establishment. The Fāṭimīds, who, like the Idrīsīds, fled from the pursuit of the Abbāsids and came to the region at the beginning of the 410. century, succeeded in establishing their dynasty in 297909 in Ifrīḳiyya, east of the Maghrib. The Fāṭimīds, who belonged to the Ismāʿīlī branch of Shīʿa, tried to conquer the entire Maghrib in a short time with an expansionist approach. This goal of the Fāṭimīds led to the confrontation of two dynasties belonging to the Shīʿa sect, thus beginning the Fāṭimīd-Idrīsīd relations that would last for about seventy-five years. The first Fāṭimīd caliph, Ubaydullāh al-Mahdī, entered the Idrīsīd-dominated region of Maghrib al-Aḳṣā and subjugated the Idrīsīds. Although the Idrīsīds attempted to regain control, they were not successful. However, after al-Mahdīs death, the Idrīsīds regained control. However, caliph al-Ḳāim-Biemrillāh dispatched his armies to the region and soon re-established Fāṭimīd rule in Maghrib. The Khāridjite Abū Yazīd al-Nukkārīs great rebellion against the Fāṭimīds, which started in the middle of the Maghrib and extended to Ifrīḳiyya, gave the Idrīsīds the opportunity they were looking for. The wave of rebellion that began under caliph al-Ḳāim and was suppressed under caliph Manṣūr-Billāh paved the way for the Idrīsīds to act independently again. However, the intervention of the Umayyad State of Andalusia in Maghrib al-Aḳṣā and the capture of Tangier, which was held by the Idrīsīds, caused the Idrīsīds to submit to the Umayyad State of Andalusia. After that, the Idrīsīds tried to continue their lives by being subject to whoever was powerful in the region. During the reign of the fourth Fāṭimīd Caliph al-Muizz-Lidīnillāh, the Fāṭimīds regained control of the Maghrib and once again subjugated the Idrīsīds. The Idrīsīds soon regained their independence when a large part of the Fāṭimīd armies were sent east to conquer Egypt. Caliph al-Muizz sent his army to the region again to prevent the Idrīsīds from regaining their former power. The Idrīsīds, who acted as vassals of the Fāṭimīds from then on, were forced to go to Andalusia after the Umayyad caliph of Andalusia, al-Ḥakam II, took advantage of the Fāṭimīds moving the caliphate center to Egypt to send his armies to the region and establish his rule. The members of the Idrīsīd dynasty stayed in Andalusia for a while and then went to Cairo, where the Fāṭimīds were located, and pledged allegiance to Caliph al-Azīz-Billāh. After Caliph al-Azīz appointed the Idrīsīd leader al-Ḥasan II as governor of Maghrib al-Aḳṣā, al-Ḥasan II lost the war with the Umayyad State of Andalusia and was captured and later killed. Thus, with the death of al-Ḥasan II, the Idrīsīd dynasty in Maghrib disappeared.

 The political and social events that took place towards the end of the Ḫulefā-yi Rāshidīn period in the history of Islām paved the way for the separation of Muslim society. This situation led to the emergence of many sects in a short time. People belonging to Shīʿa, the common name of those who united around the idea that the caliphate belonged to the Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb and his descendants, rebelled against the Umayyad rule, but these rebellions were always suppressed bloodily. During the Abbāsīd period, Shiites continued to revolt against the government. Soon after, the Shiites succeeded in establishing dynasties such as the Ḥamdānīds and the al-Buwayhīds in the eastern region, where the Sunnī Abbāsīds were headquartered, from the beginning of the 4th10th century. The Shiites established dynasties in the western region of Maghrib even before this date. The lands of the Maghrib, known for their remoteness from the central government, paved the way for the establishment of many opposing dynasties throughout history. Idrīs b. Abdullāh, a descendant of Ḥasan, the son of Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb, who was defeated in the battle of Faḫ with the Abbāsīds and fled to the Maghrib, succeeded in establishing the first Shiite dynasty in the region, the Idrīsīds, in Morocco, west of the Maghrib, in 172789. The Idrīsīds, who belonged to the Zaydī sect, tried to expand their dominance by engaging in political and military activities in the region since their establishment. The Fāṭimīds, who, like the Idrīsīds, fled from the pursuit of the Abbāsids and came to the region at the beginning of the 410. century, succeeded in establishing their dynasty in 297909 in Ifrīḳiyya, east of the Maghrib. The Fāṭimīds, who belonged to the Ismāʿīlī branch of Shīʿa, tried to conquer the entire Maghrib in a short time with an expansionist approach. This goal of the Fāṭimīds led to the confrontation of two dynasties belonging to the Shīʿa sect, thus beginning the Fāṭimīd-Idrīsīd relations that would last for about seventy-five years. The first Fāṭimīd caliph, Ubaydullāh al-Mahdī, entered the Idrīsīd-dominated region of Maghrib al-Aḳṣā and subjugated the Idrīsīds. Although the Idrīsīds attempted to regain control, they were not successful. However, after al-Mahdīs death, the Idrīsīds regained control. However, caliph al-Ḳāim-Biemrillāh dispatched his armies to the region and soon re-established Fāṭimīd rule in Maghrib. The Khāridjite Abū Yazīd al-Nukkārīs great rebellion against the Fāṭimīds, which started in the middle of the Maghrib and extended to Ifrīḳiyya, gave the Idrīsīds the opportunity they were looking for. The wave of rebellion that began under caliph al-Ḳāim and was suppressed under caliph Manṣūr-Billāh paved the way for the Idrīsīds to act independently again. However, the intervention of the Umayyad State of Andalusia in Maghrib al-Aḳṣā and the capture of Tangier, which was held by the Idrīsīds, caused the Idrīsīds to submit to the Umayyad State of Andalusia. After that, the Idrīsīds tried to continue their lives by being subject to whoever was powerful in the region. During the reign of the fourth Fāṭimīd Caliph al-Muizz-Lidīnillāh, the Fāṭimīds regained control of the Maghrib and once again subjugated the Idrīsīds. The Idrīsīds soon regained their independence when a large part of the Fāṭimīd armies were sent east to conquer Egypt. Caliph al-Muizz sent his army to the region again to prevent the Idrīsīds from regaining their former power. The Idrīsīds, who acted as vassals of the Fāṭimīds from then on, were forced to go to Andalusia after the Umayyad caliph of Andalusia, al-Ḥakam II, took advantage of the Fāṭimīds moving the caliphate center to Egypt to send his armies to the region and establish his rule. The members of the Idrīsīd dynasty stayed in Andalusia for a while and then went to Cairo, where the Fāṭimīds were located, and pledged allegiance to Caliph al-Azīz-Billāh. After Caliph al-Azīz appointed the Idrīsīd leader al-Ḥasan II as governor of Maghrib al-Aḳṣā, al-Ḥasan II lost the war with the Umayyad State of Andalusia and was captured and later killed. Thus, with the death of al-Ḥasan II, the Idrīsīd dynasty in Maghrib disappeared.

Makale detayları

Fāṭimīd-Idrīsīd Relations (297-375/909-985)

Yazarlar:

Furkan Erbaş

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.12 Issue 1, pp.260-275

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001320112

pISSN:

2717-610X

History of Islām

Maghrib

Shīʿa

Fāṭimīds

Idrīsīds.İslâm Tarihi

Mağrib

Şîa

Fâtımîler

İdrîsîler.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Furkan Erbaş

Yayıncı: Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Tarihi

Dergi: Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.12 Issue 1, pp.260-275

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001320112

pISSN: 2717-610X

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Furkan Erbaş

Yayıncı:

Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Tarihi

Dergi:

Tokat İlmiyat Dergisi Vol.12 Issue 1, pp.260-275

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001320112

pISSN:

2717-610X