New Findings from Tire and Mount Karta

Ali Özkan

Makale detayları

New Findings from Tire and Mount Karta

Yazarlar:

Ali Özkan

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Archaeology

Dergi:

Anatolian Research Issue 27, pp.151-173

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001283880

pISSN:

0569-9746

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This study focuses on some of the new findings obtained during the surveys carried out in Tire, one of the cities in the Küçük Menderes Little Meander, called Kaystros in ancient Greek Valley of which relatively little information exists, and its mountainous regions. In addition to the agricultural advantages from the fertile plains in this east-west running valley, it also has road networks beneficial for trade that connect the Lydia and Ionia regions, ending at the Aegean Sea. Previous studies on the region show castles and tower structures to have been built at strategic points since the Late Bronze Age to ensure the safety of these road networks. Because these defensive structures built were on the transportation networks connecting the cities of Ephesos and Sardis, they also took on an important mission against possible attacks that might threaten the cities. This study introduces a Hellenistic castle that was identified during the surveys as having been built at a very strategic point between Küçükkale village in the Tire District and Dampınar village in the Germencik district. In addition to this castle found on Mount Kartal, two churches dating to the Late Antiquity 6th century CE-Byzantine Empire in were identified on the northern and southern slopes of Mount Kartal.Bonitai has been documented through inscriptions to be located in the countryside of Ephesos somewhere near Küçükkale and Büyükkale villages in Tire and was an important rural settlement located near Mount Kartal. The newly identified architectural sites have provided an opportunity to evaluate the immediate surroundings of the rural settlement of Bonitai with archaeological data. The settlement stands out in terms of its strategic location during the Hellenistic Period. During the Roman Empire, it became one of the most important rural settlements of Ephesos through its suitable agricultural conditions and network of roads passing through the region. The vitality stemming from agricultural production continued into Late Antiquity, with the church structures that had been built confirming this.

 This study focuses on some of the new findings obtained during the surveys carried out in Tire, one of the cities in the Küçük Menderes Little Meander, called Kaystros in ancient Greek Valley of which relatively little information exists, and its mountainous regions. In addition to the agricultural advantages from the fertile plains in this east-west running valley, it also has road networks beneficial for trade that connect the Lydia and Ionia regions, ending at the Aegean Sea. Previous studies on the region show castles and tower structures to have been built at strategic points since the Late Bronze Age to ensure the safety of these road networks. Because these defensive structures built were on the transportation networks connecting the cities of Ephesos and Sardis, they also took on an important mission against possible attacks that might threaten the cities. This study introduces a Hellenistic castle that was identified during the surveys as having been built at a very strategic point between Küçükkale village in the Tire District and Dampınar village in the Germencik district. In addition to this castle found on Mount Kartal, two churches dating to the Late Antiquity 6th century CE-Byzantine Empire in were identified on the northern and southern slopes of Mount Kartal.Bonitai has been documented through inscriptions to be located in the countryside of Ephesos somewhere near Küçükkale and Büyükkale villages in Tire and was an important rural settlement located near Mount Kartal. The newly identified architectural sites have provided an opportunity to evaluate the immediate surroundings of the rural settlement of Bonitai with archaeological data. The settlement stands out in terms of its strategic location during the Hellenistic Period. During the Roman Empire, it became one of the most important rural settlements of Ephesos through its suitable agricultural conditions and network of roads passing through the region. The vitality stemming from agricultural production continued into Late Antiquity, with the church structures that had been built confirming this.

 This study focuses on some of the new findings obtained during the surveys carried out in Tire, one of the cities in the Küçük Menderes Little Meander, called Kaystros in ancient Greek Valley of which relatively little information exists, and its mountainous regions. In addition to the agricultural advantages from the fertile plains in this east-west running valley, it also has road networks beneficial for trade that connect the Lydia and Ionia regions, ending at the Aegean Sea. Previous studies on the region show castles and tower structures to have been built at strategic points since the Late Bronze Age to ensure the safety of these road networks. Because these defensive structures built were on the transportation networks connecting the cities of Ephesos and Sardis, they also took on an important mission against possible attacks that might threaten the cities. This study introduces a Hellenistic castle that was identified during the surveys as having been built at a very strategic point between Küçükkale village in the Tire District and Dampınar village in the Germencik district. In addition to this castle found on Mount Kartal, two churches dating to the Late Antiquity 6th century CE-Byzantine Empire in were identified on the northern and southern slopes of Mount Kartal.Bonitai has been documented through inscriptions to be located in the countryside of Ephesos somewhere near Küçükkale and Büyükkale villages in Tire and was an important rural settlement located near Mount Kartal. The newly identified architectural sites have provided an opportunity to evaluate the immediate surroundings of the rural settlement of Bonitai with archaeological data. The settlement stands out in terms of its strategic location during the Hellenistic Period. During the Roman Empire, it became one of the most important rural settlements of Ephesos through its suitable agricultural conditions and network of roads passing through the region. The vitality stemming from agricultural production continued into Late Antiquity, with the church structures that had been built confirming this.

 Bu çalışma, Küçük Menderes KaystrosVadisi kentlerinden Tirede ve nispeten daha az bilgi sahibi olduğumuz Tirenin dağlık bölgelerinde yürütülen yüzey araştırmalarında elde edilen bazı yeni verileri değerlendirmektedir. Doğu-Batı doğrultusunda uzanan vadinin tarım faaliyetleri açısından avantajlı olmasının yanı sıra, Lydia ve Ioniayı birbirine bağlayan ticari yol ağları üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Bölgede yapılan önceki çalışmalar, Geç Tunç Çağından itibaren, söz konusu yol ağlarının güvenliğini sağlamak adına stratejik noktalarda kale ve kule yapıları inşa edildiğini göstermiştir. İnşa edilen savunma yapıları, Ephesos ile Sardeis kentlerini birbirine bağlayan ulaşım ağları üzerinde olmasından dolayı, kentleri tehdit eden olası saldırılarda önemli bir misyon üstlenir. Bu çalışmada yüzey araştırmalarında tespit edilen Tire-Küçükkale ve Germencik-Dampınar arasında oldukça stratejik noktada inşa edilen Hellenistik Döneme ait bir kale tanıtılmaktadır. Kartal Dağında yer alan bu kale dışında, dağın kuzey ve güney yamaçlarında olmak üzere, Geç Antik-Bizans Dönemine 6. yüzyıl tarihlenen iki kilise tespit edilmiştir. Yazıtlar ile Ephesos kırsalında yer aldığı belgelenen, Tire-Küçükkale ile Büyükkalede lokalize edilen Bonitai, Kartal Dağı yakınında yer alan önemli bir kırsal yerleşimdir. Yeni tespit edilen mimari mekânlar, Boniatai kırsal yerleşiminin yakın çevresinin arkeolojik veriler ile değerlendirme imkanı vermiştir. Yerleşim, Hellenistik Dönemde stratejik konumu ile ön plana çıkar. Roma İmparatorluk Döneminde uygun tarımsal koşullar ve bölgeden geçen yol ağlarının katkısı ile Ephesosun en önemli kırsal yerleşimlerinden biri olarak sivrilir. Tarımsal üretimden kaynaklı canlılık Geç Antik Dönemde sürmüştür. İnşa edilen kilise yapıları bunu doğrulamaktadır.

Makale detayları

New Findings from Tire and Mount Karta

Yazarlar:

Ali Özkan

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Archaeology

Dergi:

Anatolian Research Issue 27, pp.151-173

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001283880

pISSN:

0569-9746

Küçük Menderes Valley

Mount Kartal

Rural Settlements

Architecture

Küçük Menderes Vadisi

Kartal Dağı

Tire

Kırsal Yerleşimler

Mimari.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Ali Özkan

Yayıncı: Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar: Archaeology

Dergi: Anatolian Research Issue 27, pp.151-173

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 9/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001283880

pISSN: 0569-9746

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Ali Özkan

Yayıncı:

Istanbul University

Ana Başlıklar:

Archaeology

Dergi:

Anatolian Research Issue 27, pp.151-173

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

9/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001283880

pISSN:

0569-9746