HORASAN ŞEHİRLERİNDEKİ ALIŞVERİŞ MEKÂNLARI VE BU MEKÂNLARDA SATILAN ÜRÜNLER (8-10. YÜZYILLAR)

Yunus ARİFOĞLU

Makale detayları

HORASAN ŞEHİRLERİNDEKİ ALIŞVERİŞ MEKÂNLARI VE BU MEKÂNLARDA SATILAN ÜRÜNLER (8-10. YÜZYILLAR)

Yazarlar:

Yunus ARİFOĞLU

Yayıncı:

Kütahya Dumlupinar University

Ana Başlıklar:

Sosyoloji & antropoloji

Dergi:

Journal of Islamic Civilization Studies 2018 Vol.3 Issue 2, pp.176-202

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2018

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2000504673

Sıklık:

İki Yıllık

eISSN:

2149-0872

Özet:

 


Şehir,
toplum ve bireyin hayatını kuşatıcı rollere sahip olduğu kadar, iktisadî
faaliyetlerin de yön vericisi
olmuştur. Politik bir değere haiz olan bu mekânın köy ve benzeri yerleşim
birimlerinden farklılığı düzenliliği, sınırı ve kuralları olan bir yer olmasıdır.
Çünkü sosyal ve iktisadî bağlamda çıkması muhtemel anlaşmazlıkları çözecek
hukuk kuralları da burada ortaya çıkmıştır. Örneğin İslam
dünyasının her bölgesinde ve şehrinde var olan “hisbe
teşkilatı” şehirdeki iktisadî anlaşmazlıkları çözmek ve düzeni sağlamak için
vardı. İktisadi faaliyetlerinin asıl
gerçekleştiği yerler, şehirlerdir.
Şehirlerde ekonomik hayat çarşı-pazarda vuku bulmaktadır. Şehirleşme Horasan bölgesinde erken bir
zamana tarihlenmektedir. Horasan bölgesinde
şehir hayatının iktisadî akışının gerçekleştiği çarşı-pazar/sûk/bâzâr
adlı mekânlar, İslamiyet’in başından itibaren bölgenin her şehrinde
mevcuttu. Bölgede toplumun ihtiyaç duyduğu her türlü ürün bu mekanlarda bulunmaktaydı.
10. Yüzyıl İslam
coğrafyacıları bölgedeki
çarşıların
ihtisaslaşmalarına dair bilgiler sunmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada ilk olarak
Horasan şehirlerindeki çarşı-pazarlar hakkında genel bilgiler verilecektir.
Ardından Bölge şehirlerindeki çarşı-pazarlar ayrı ayrı sunulacak olup, bu
mekânlardaki işleyiş ve denetime de değinilecektir. Son olarak ise
çarşı-pazarda ticarete konu olan ürünler ele alınacaktır.


.

 


             Absract: 

            Economic activities take place mostly in cities. The
urbanization in the Khorasan region is very old. There have been markets in
every city since the beginning of Islam in the region. All kinds of products
were available here. Islamic geographers of the 10th century give information
about the specialization of regional markets. In this study, firstly, general
information about the markets of Khorasan cities will be given. Then, each
city's markets will be presented separately. Finally, the products sold in the
markets will be evaluated.

Summary:

The
city affects the life of society and the individual. The city is also the
engine of economic activities. A place with city limits and rules. laws that
solve potential social and economic conflicts have also emerged here. For
example, it solved economic conflicts and maintained order in all regions and
cities of the Islamic world. Urban life is closely linked to trade, industry
and agriculture. The cities were fed with food from rural areas. This led to an
intense relationship between the city and the countryside. This was made
possible by the class of commerce. In Khorasan, the city was in close contact
with commerce, industry and agriculture. Parallel to the domination of the
Abbasids, there have been developments in the Islamic world. Cities have been an
important part of the development of this period. Because the purchases took
place in the cities. Baghdad is an important indicator of the economic
development of this period. Baghdad, built regularly, was built by competent
people. In the city, a unique order has been created: markets, markets, inns
and fairs. One of the characteristics of medieval cities is the consideration
of ethnic, religious and regional elements. This was taken into account during
the construction of the city of Baghdad. The city was built on the basis of
citizens, ethnic and religious groups in keeping with the spirit of the times.

Urbanization
is very old in the region of Khorasan. According to pottery materials, the
Khorasan settlement goes back five thousand years. In the Middle Ages, the
cities of Khorasan are an example of oriental urbanism and especially of the
urbanism of Iran. The physical construction of cities here; It consisted of
Kûhendiz, ehristan and Rabaz. And there was a city wall around the city. Kûhendiz
was surrounded by şehristan. The administrative building, the Mint and the
prison where the governors were present were present in the şehristan. The
doors on the şehristan hall were opened to the rabad. There are in the Kûhendiz,
bazaars, shops, mosques, baths, palace members, civil servants and big
merchants, madrasahs and caravanserais. Rabaz, another element of the city,
were surrounded the şehristan. In Rabaz; the market place, artisans, gardeners
and field owners were lived. 


The
market in the Khorasan had developed. The bazaars, built in different areas of
expertise, were arranged around the mosque according to their location. Markets,
which are another place of commerce, have developed in every city in the
region. 


For
foreign traders, caravanserais were established. Market control at the bazaar
was carried out with Hisbe organization. The officer who did this was called
the muhtesip. The four metropolitan cities of Nîşâbûr, Merv, Herat and Belh,
were important trading centers in the Middle Ages. Besides, there were small
trade centers here. In the specialty markets of these cities, local and other
products have been sold. The major traders in the area lefting the products at
the hostel located at the entrance of the city. The products left in these inns
were taken by local merchants and taken to the markets. The markets in the
region are designed accordingly. In Khorasan, importance is given to the
market. These places were inspected and controlled by Hisbe organization. The
products made in Horasan were first sent to local towns. Cotton, linen,
cereals, industrial products and dried fruits are exported to remote areas. These
products were sold mainly in the markets of Kirman, Maveraünnehir, Harîzm and
Baghdad. It has also taken its place on foreign markets, from India to
Andalusia. In addition to the products manufactured here, the region also made
a significant gain thanks to raw materials and imported products. 


Both
cotton and cotton products were exported from Khorasan. Wool and linen products
have also been exported. Cotton and cotton products were mainly exported from
Nîsâbûr and Merv. Bûsenc's valuable timber was the most important export item. Grain
products have been exported from cities such as Nîsâbûr, Merv, Belh and Serahs.
Herat is a supplier of confectionery. Spices such as musk, amber, almond and
cinnamon were exported from the region. The fruits produced in Khorasan were
healthy, durable and delicious. They have been preferred inside and outside the
region. Imported products; Weaving, lumber, fur, wool, silk weaving, various
animals, animal skins and weapons. Cûndişabur sugar was imported.













Trade
in the region had developed. Therefore Horasan has been the resort of the class
of merchants in the world. Here, the administration's intervention in trade was
limited. This enabled the price policy to work freely. Despite the limited
opportunities of the period, economic development in Khurasan was an important
level. 



.

Makale detayları

HORASAN ŞEHİRLERİNDEKİ ALIŞVERİŞ MEKÂNLARI VE BU MEKÂNLARDA SATILAN ÜRÜNLER (8-10. YÜZYILLAR)

Yazarlar: Yunus ARİFOĞLU

Yayıncı: Kütahya Dumlupinar University

Ana Başlıklar: Sosyoloji & antropoloji

Dergi: Journal of Islamic Civilization Studies 2018 Vol.3 Issue 2, pp.176-202

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2018

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2000504673

Sıklık: İki Yıllık

eISSN: 2149-0872

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Yunus ARİFOĞLU

Yayıncı:

Kütahya Dumlupinar University

Ana Başlıklar:

Sosyoloji & antropoloji

Dergi:

Journal of Islamic Civilization Studies 2018 Vol.3 Issue 2, pp.176-202

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2018

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2000504673

Sıklık:

İki Yıllık

eISSN:

2149-0872