Sawm ala’s-Sawm (Bargaining upon Bargaining) in Islamic Law

Mustafa Ünal

Makale detayları

Sawm ala’s-Sawm (Bargaining upon Bargaining) in Islamic Law

Yazarlar:

Mustafa Ünal

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.28 Issue 1, pp.370-388

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319238

pISSN:

2528-9861

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 As social beings, humans have historically engaged in exchange with one another. These exchanges have typically been formalised through sales contracts. The most prevalent method of establishing sales contracts is the bargaining method of musāwama. In the context of contract formation, the parties involved in the transaction engage in a process of negotiation and bargaining with the objective of reaching an agreement on the terms and conditions of the contract. The parameters of this method are defined by Islamic law. It established regulations to permit individuals to engage in bargaining without infringing upon each others rights. While the specifics are subject to varying forms of evidence, particularly custom, it is directly commanded by the scriptures that these combinations should be taken into consideration when updating sales contract. This has been of great importance in terms of preventing both personal and social harm. The following restrictions have been introduced in this context are as follows: It is prohibited to resell a good that has already been sold, to involve a third party in the bargaining in order to raise the price, and to involve a third party in the bargaining when the parties have reached the conclusion of the bargaining stage and are inclined to agree. This study addresses the issue of a third partys involvement in a transaction to the detriment of one of the parties, where the parties inclination to agree has emerged. This issue is referred to as sevm ales-sevm in the Islamic law literature. In the Turkish literature, the term is usually translated as bargaining upon bargaining. In this study, although the concept of sevm ales-sevm is generally employed, although the concept of bargaining upon bargaining is used when it is necessary to be express the concept in Turkish. The parties involved in the bargaining process communicate their respective intentions to each other through the declaration of intention, which is a fundamental aspect of the contract. In this study, therefore, an initial focus is placed on the explanation of the declaration of intention. The present study offers an analysis of the nature of declarations of intention to bargain, with a particular focus on whether they can be classified as offers or invitations to treat. Following these explanations, the musāwama method is defined and information is provided about this method in general. The distinctions between the contracts formed by the musāwama method and those formed by analogous methods have been elucidated. The issues to be considered when bargaining are mentioned and it is stated that it is forbidden to bargain on bargaining. It is stated at which stage of the conclusion of the contract the involvement in the bargaining will be considered within the scope of this prohibition and at which stage the intervention will not be included in the scope of the prohibition. The necessity of this prohibition is explained. It has been stated that contracts involving sawm alas-sawm are generally considered to be haram in the context of Islamic religious doctrine. However, from a legal perspective, these contracts are considered to be valid. It was stated that the scope of this prohibition includes not only Muslims but also non-Muslim citizens and mustemen. Accordingly, it was elucidated that such an agreement would be deemed unlawful if it resulted in the exploitation of a non-Muslim citizen or mustemen. It is stated that sawm alas-sawm is not only valid for the contract of sale, but also for other contracts by analogy. These explanations are based on the views of the Hanafi madhhab, but the views of other madhhabs are also included. The article is based on the Hanafi madhhab in terms of pregnancy, with a method that includes the views of other madhhabs. Having considered the various opinions expressed, it is now necessary to determine whether this prohibition is currently applicable under the law.

 As social beings, humans have historically engaged in exchange with one another. These exchanges have typically been formalised through sales contracts. The most prevalent method of establishing sales contracts is the bargaining method of musāwama. In the context of contract formation, the parties involved in the transaction engage in a process of negotiation and bargaining with the objective of reaching an agreement on the terms and conditions of the contract. The parameters of this method are defined by Islamic law. It established regulations to permit individuals to engage in bargaining without infringing upon each others rights. While the specifics are subject to varying forms of evidence, particularly custom, it is directly commanded by the scriptures that these combinations should be taken into consideration when updating sales contract. This has been of great importance in terms of preventing both personal and social harm. The following restrictions have been introduced in this context are as follows: It is prohibited to resell a good that has already been sold, to involve a third party in the bargaining in order to raise the price, and to involve a third party in the bargaining when the parties have reached the conclusion of the bargaining stage and are inclined to agree. This study addresses the issue of a third partys involvement in a transaction to the detriment of one of the parties, where the parties inclination to agree has emerged. This issue is referred to as sevm ales-sevm in the Islamic law literature. In the Turkish literature, the term is usually translated as bargaining upon bargaining. In this study, although the concept of sevm ales-sevm is generally employed, although the concept of bargaining upon bargaining is used when it is necessary to be express the concept in Turkish. The parties involved in the bargaining process communicate their respective intentions to each other through the declaration of intention, which is a fundamental aspect of the contract. In this study, therefore, an initial focus is placed on the explanation of the declaration of intention. The present study offers an analysis of the nature of declarations of intention to bargain, with a particular focus on whether they can be classified as offers or invitations to treat. Following these explanations, the musāwama method is defined and information is provided about this method in general. The distinctions between the contracts formed by the musāwama method and those formed by analogous methods have been elucidated. The issues to be considered when bargaining are mentioned and it is stated that it is forbidden to bargain on bargaining. It is stated at which stage of the conclusion of the contract the involvement in the bargaining will be considered within the scope of this prohibition and at which stage the intervention will not be included in the scope of the prohibition. The necessity of this prohibition is explained. It has been stated that contracts involving sawm alas-sawm are generally considered to be haram in the context of Islamic religious doctrine. However, from a legal perspective, these contracts are considered to be valid. It was stated that the scope of this prohibition includes not only Muslims but also non-Muslim citizens and mustemen. Accordingly, it was elucidated that such an agreement would be deemed unlawful if it resulted in the exploitation of a non-Muslim citizen or mustemen. It is stated that sawm alas-sawm is not only valid for the contract of sale, but also for other contracts by analogy. These explanations are based on the views of the Hanafi madhhab, but the views of other madhhabs are also included. The article is based on the Hanafi madhhab in terms of pregnancy, with a method that includes the views of other madhhabs. Having considered the various opinions expressed, it is now necessary to determine whether this prohibition is currently applicable under the law.

 As social beings, humans have historically engaged in exchange with one another. These exchanges have typically been formalised through sales contracts. The most prevalent method of establishing sales contracts is the bargaining method of musāwama. In the context of contract formation, the parties involved in the transaction engage in a process of negotiation and bargaining with the objective of reaching an agreement on the terms and conditions of the contract. The parameters of this method are defined by Islamic law. It established regulations to permit individuals to engage in bargaining without infringing upon each others rights. While the specifics are subject to varying forms of evidence, particularly custom, it is directly commanded by the scriptures that these combinations should be taken into consideration when updating sales contract. This has been of great importance in terms of preventing both personal and social harm. The following restrictions have been introduced in this context are as follows: It is prohibited to resell a good that has already been sold, to involve a third party in the bargaining in order to raise the price, and to involve a third party in the bargaining when the parties have reached the conclusion of the bargaining stage and are inclined to agree. This study addresses the issue of a third partys involvement in a transaction to the detriment of one of the parties, where the parties inclination to agree has emerged. This issue is referred to as sevm ales-sevm in the Islamic law literature. In the Turkish literature, the term is usually translated as bargaining upon bargaining. In this study, although the concept of sevm ales-sevm is generally employed, although the concept of bargaining upon bargaining is used when it is necessary to be express the concept in Turkish. The parties involved in the bargaining process communicate their respective intentions to each other through the declaration of intention, which is a fundamental aspect of the contract. In this study, therefore, an initial focus is placed on the explanation of the declaration of intention. The present study offers an analysis of the nature of declarations of intention to bargain, with a particular focus on whether they can be classified as offers or invitations to treat. Following these explanations, the musāwama method is defined and information is provided about this method in general. The distinctions between the contracts formed by the musāwama method and those formed by analogous methods have been elucidated. The issues to be considered when bargaining are mentioned and it is stated that it is forbidden to bargain on bargaining. It is stated at which stage of the conclusion of the contract the involvement in the bargaining will be considered within the scope of this prohibition and at which stage the intervention will not be included in the scope of the prohibition. The necessity of this prohibition is explained. It has been stated that contracts involving sawm alas-sawm are generally considered to be haram in the context of Islamic religious doctrine. However, from a legal perspective, these contracts are considered to be valid. It was stated that the scope of this prohibition includes not only Muslims but also non-Muslim citizens and mustemen. Accordingly, it was elucidated that such an agreement would be deemed unlawful if it resulted in the exploitation of a non-Muslim citizen or mustemen. It is stated that sawm alas-sawm is not only valid for the contract of sale, but also for other contracts by analogy. These explanations are based on the views of the Hanafi madhhab, but the views of other madhhabs are also included. The article is based on the Hanafi madhhab in terms of pregnancy, with a method that includes the views of other madhhabs. Having considered the various opinions expressed, it is now necessary to determine whether this prohibition is currently applicable under the law.

 Sosyal varlıklar olan insanlar, tarih boyunca birbirleri ile alışveriş yapma ihtiyacı hissetmişlerdir. Bu alışverişler, genellikle satış akdi yoluyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Satış akitlerinin kurulmasında en yaygın görülen yöntem ise pazarlık usulü ile gerçekleştirilen müsâveme yöntemidir. İnsanlar satış akdini kurarken, akdin unsurları üzerinde pazarlık yaparak bir anlaşmaya varmışlardır. İslâm hukuku bu yöntemin sınırlarını belirlemiştir. İnsanların birbirlerinin haklarını ihlal etmeden pazarlık yapabilmelerini sağlayacak düzenlemeler getirmiştir. Ayrıntıları başta örf olmak üzere farklı delillerle düzenlense de, insanların satış akdini kurarken bu sınırlara dikkat etmesi gerektiği, doğrudan doğruya naslar ile emredilmiştir. Bu durum hem şahsi zararların hem de toplumsal zararların önüne geçilmesi açısından büyük önem arz etmiştir. Bu kapsamda getirilen bazı sınırlamalar şu şekildedir: Satılmış olan bir malın devredilmeden bir başkasına satılmaması, fiyat yükseltmek amacıyla üçüncü kişinin pazarlığına dahil olunmaması gerektiği ve tarafların pazarlık aşamasının sonu geldiği, anlaşma meyillerinin oluştuğu durumda üçüncü kişinin pazarlığa dahil olmaması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Bu sınırlamalardan, tarafların anlaşma meyillerinin ortaya çıkmış olduğu durumda üçüncü kişinin taraflardan birinin aleyhine pazarlığa dahil olması konusu çalışmamızda ele alınmıştır. Bu husus İslâm hukuk literatüründe sevm ales-sevm olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Türkçe literatürde genellikle pazarlık üzerine pazarlık olarak çevrilmiştir. Çalışmada sevm ales-sevm kavramına genellikle yer verilmiş olmakla birlikte, Türkçe olarak ifade edilmesi gerektiğinde pazarlık üzerine pazarlık kavramı kullanılmıştır. Taraflar pazarlığa yönelik ifadelerini akdin kurucu unsuru olan irade beyanı ile birbirlerine iletmektedirler. Dolayısıyla bu çalışmada öncelikle irade beyanına yönelik açıklamalar yapılmıştır. Pazarlığa yönelik bu irade beyanlarının icâb niteliğinde mi yoksa icâba davet niteliğinde mi olduğu hususunda açıklamalara yer verilmiştir. Bu açıklamaların ardından müsâveme yöntemi tanımlanmış ve genel olarak bu yönteme ilişkin bilgi verilmiştir. Müsâveme yöntemi ile oluşturulan akitler ile bu yönteme benzer yöntemlerin farkları hususunda açıklamalar yapılmıştır. Pazarlık yapılırken dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlara değinilmiş ve pazarlık üzerine pazarlık yapmanın yasak olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Akit kurulurken hangi aşamada pazarlığa dahil olmanın bu yasak kapsamında sayılacağı ve hangi aşamadaki müdahalenin yasak kapsamına dahil olmayacağı belirtilmiştir. Bu yasağın neden gerekli olduğu konusunda yapılmış olan açıklamalara yer verilmiştir. Sevm ales-sevmin söz konusu olduğu akitlerin genel olarak diyaneten haram kabul edildiği bununla birlikte kazaen bu akitlerin geçerli olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Bu yasağın kapsamına sadece müslümanların değil aynı zamanda müslüman olmayan vatandaşların ve müstemenlerin de dahil olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Buna göre müslüman olmayan bir vatandaş veya müstemen aleyhine böyle bir pazarlığa dahil olmanın hukuka uygun kabul edilmeyeceği açıklanmıştır. Sevm ales-sevmin yalnızca satış akdi açısından değil, aynı zamanda kıyas yoluyla diğer akitler bakımından da geçerli olacağı belirtilmiştir. Bu açıklamalarda Hanefî mezhebinin görüşü esas alınmış olmakla birlikte diğer mezheplerin görüşlerine de yer verilmiştir. Makale genel itibariyle Hanefî mezhebi odağında diğer mezheplerin görüşlerine de yer verilen bir yöntemle oluşturulmuştur. Tüm bu görüşlerin ardından merî hukukta bu yasağın uygulanıp uygulanmadığı hususunda açıklamalar yapılmıştır.

Makale detayları

Sawm ala’s-Sawm (Bargaining upon Bargaining) in Islamic Law

Yazarlar:

Mustafa Ünal

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.28 Issue 1, pp.370-388

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319238

pISSN:

2528-9861

Islamic Law

Declaration of intention

Musāwama

Sawm ala

Bargaining upon bargainingİslâm Hukuku

İrade Beyanı

Müsâveme

Sevm ale’s-sevm

Pazarlık üzerine pazarlık

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Mustafa Ünal

Yayıncı: Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar: İslam Hukuku

Dergi: Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.28 Issue 1, pp.370-388

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001319238

pISSN: 2528-9861

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Mustafa Ünal

Yayıncı:

Sivas Cumhuriyet University

Ana Başlıklar:

İslam Hukuku

Dergi:

Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi Vol.28 Issue 1, pp.370-388

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001319238

pISSN:

2528-9861