Physical Worship as an Example of the Divergence of the Literature of Ahkām al-Qur'ān from the Early Tafsir Literature

Mustafa Sait Kaplan

Makale detayları

Physical Worship as an Example of the Divergence of the Literature of Ahkām al-Qur'ān from the Early Tafsir Literature

Yazarlar:

Mustafa Sait Kaplan

Yayıncı:

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

Ana Başlıklar:

Tefsir

Dergi:

Rize İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 28, pp.139-153

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

4/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001340719

pISSN:

2980-0331

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 In this article, the verses that provide evidence for physical worship are analyzed by comparing the early period and the literature of the Quran. The early period literature is limited to the linguistic tafsirs and narrative tafsirs written in the second and third centuries of Hijri, which are the oldest in our hands, and the ahkām al-Qurān literature is limited to the ahkām al-Qurān written in the period from the beginning of the fourth century Hijri to the end of the seventh century Hijri. Throughout the article, descriptive, comparative, and argumentative methods of academic writing have been used. Since the linguistic exegesis and narrative tafsir include the verbal meanings of the Quran, whereas the ahkām al-Qurān contains more of its textual meanings, the main purpose of the article is to compare both literatures on a specific subject and thus to reveal the transformation between them. To achieve the goal above systematically, the article is divided into two parts. The first sub-heading deals with whether the verses of al-Arāf 731, al-Arāf 7204, Maryam 1958, al-Waqia 5679, and al-Muddat al-Mudhassir 744, which the jurists cited as evidence on the issues of setr al-awrah, the obligation to listen to the imam in the fervent prayer, the prostration of recitation, touching the mushāfah without ablution, and cleansing from impurity, were evaluated in the early tafsir literature in the direction above. The other sub-heading deals with how the same verses are evaluated in the literature of ahkām al-Qurān to reveal the comparison of the early period-ahkām al-Qurān literature. In this context, the verse Muddat al-Quran 744 was interpreted in the early tafsir literature with analyses describing the psychological state of the Messenger of Allah when he met with the experience of revelation. In these analyses, it was declared that a heavy responsibility awaited him and that he should start his mission of prophethood by tidying up his clothesself. The same verse has been interpreted as an argument in the exegesis of Ahkām al-Qurān by taking support from the hadiths narrated from the Prophet on the subject of tahārah from najāsah the necessity of cleanliness of the place of prayer and clothes. The word mutahharoon in verse al-Waqiqa 5679 was understood in early linguistic explanations in the direction of angels, honored messengers, and pure spiritual beings. It was stated that such an understanding emerged from the words basic dictionary meanings and the verses internal integrity. In conclusion, the commentator jurists expansion of the first three verses, with the support of the explicit information in the hadiths, contributed to prioritizing and targeting objective meanings in exegesis. On the other hand, the interpretations of the last two verses were inaccurate in capturing the divine meaning due to the lack of external context.

 In this article, the verses that provide evidence for physical worship are analyzed by comparing the early period and the literature of the Quran. The early period literature is limited to the linguistic tafsirs and narrative tafsirs written in the second and third centuries of Hijri, which are the oldest in our hands, and the ahkām al-Qurān literature is limited to the ahkām al-Qurān written in the period from the beginning of the fourth century Hijri to the end of the seventh century Hijri. Throughout the article, descriptive, comparative, and argumentative methods of academic writing have been used. Since the linguistic exegesis and narrative tafsir include the verbal meanings of the Quran, whereas the ahkām al-Qurān contains more of its textual meanings, the main purpose of the article is to compare both literatures on a specific subject and thus to reveal the transformation between them. To achieve the goal above systematically, the article is divided into two parts. The first sub-heading deals with whether the verses of al-Arāf 731, al-Arāf 7204, Maryam 1958, al-Waqia 5679, and al-Muddat al-Mudhassir 744, which the jurists cited as evidence on the issues of setr al-awrah, the obligation to listen to the imam in the fervent prayer, the prostration of recitation, touching the mushāfah without ablution, and cleansing from impurity, were evaluated in the early tafsir literature in the direction above. The other sub-heading deals with how the same verses are evaluated in the literature of ahkām al-Qurān to reveal the comparison of the early period-ahkām al-Qurān literature. In this context, the verse Muddat al-Quran 744 was interpreted in the early tafsir literature with analyses describing the psychological state of the Messenger of Allah when he met with the experience of revelation. In these analyses, it was declared that a heavy responsibility awaited him and that he should start his mission of prophethood by tidying up his clothesself. The same verse has been interpreted as an argument in the exegesis of Ahkām al-Qurān by taking support from the hadiths narrated from the Prophet on the subject of tahārah from najāsah the necessity of cleanliness of the place of prayer and clothes. The word mutahharoon in verse al-Waqiqa 5679 was understood in early linguistic explanations in the direction of angels, honored messengers, and pure spiritual beings. It was stated that such an understanding emerged from the words basic dictionary meanings and the verses internal integrity. In conclusion, the commentator jurists expansion of the first three verses, with the support of the explicit information in the hadiths, contributed to prioritizing and targeting objective meanings in exegesis. On the other hand, the interpretations of the last two verses were inaccurate in capturing the divine meaning due to the lack of external context.

 In this article, the verses that provide evidence for physical worship are analyzed by comparing the early period and the literature of the Quran. The early period literature is limited to the linguistic tafsirs and narrative tafsirs written in the second and third centuries of Hijri, which are the oldest in our hands, and the ahkām al-Qurān literature is limited to the ahkām al-Qurān written in the period from the beginning of the fourth century Hijri to the end of the seventh century Hijri. Throughout the article, descriptive, comparative, and argumentative methods of academic writing have been used. Since the linguistic exegesis and narrative tafsir include the verbal meanings of the Quran, whereas the ahkām al-Qurān contains more of its textual meanings, the main purpose of the article is to compare both literatures on a specific subject and thus to reveal the transformation between them. To achieve the goal above systematically, the article is divided into two parts. The first sub-heading deals with whether the verses of al-Arāf 731, al-Arāf 7204, Maryam 1958, al-Waqia 5679, and al-Muddat al-Mudhassir 744, which the jurists cited as evidence on the issues of setr al-awrah, the obligation to listen to the imam in the fervent prayer, the prostration of recitation, touching the mushāfah without ablution, and cleansing from impurity, were evaluated in the early tafsir literature in the direction above. The other sub-heading deals with how the same verses are evaluated in the literature of ahkām al-Qurān to reveal the comparison of the early period-ahkām al-Qurān literature. In this context, the verse Muddat al-Quran 744 was interpreted in the early tafsir literature with analyses describing the psychological state of the Messenger of Allah when he met with the experience of revelation. In these analyses, it was declared that a heavy responsibility awaited him and that he should start his mission of prophethood by tidying up his clothesself. The same verse has been interpreted as an argument in the exegesis of Ahkām al-Qurān by taking support from the hadiths narrated from the Prophet on the subject of tahārah from najāsah the necessity of cleanliness of the place of prayer and clothes. The word mutahharoon in verse al-Waqiqa 5679 was understood in early linguistic explanations in the direction of angels, honored messengers, and pure spiritual beings. It was stated that such an understanding emerged from the words basic dictionary meanings and the verses internal integrity. In conclusion, the commentator jurists expansion of the first three verses, with the support of the explicit information in the hadiths, contributed to prioritizing and targeting objective meanings in exegesis. On the other hand, the interpretations of the last two verses were inaccurate in capturing the divine meaning due to the lack of external context.

 Bu makalede, bedenî ibadetler konusuna delil getirilen ayetler erken dönem-ahkâmül-Kurân literatürü mukayese edilerek incelenmiştir. Erken dönem literatürü; hicri ikinci ve üçüncü asırlarda telif edilen, günümüze göre en eski, elimizdeki dilbilimsel tefsirler ve rivayet tefsirleriyle ahkâmül-Kurân literatürü de hicri dördüncü asrın başından hicri yedinci asrın sonuna kadar olan zaman diliminde yazılan ahkâmül-Kurânlar ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Makalenin genelinde akademik yazım yöntemlerinden deskriptif betimleyici, karşılaştırma ve tartışma yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Söz konusu dilbilimsel tefsirlerin ve rivayet tefsirlerinin Kuranın sözsel anlamlarını buna mukabil ahkâmül-Kurânların onun metinsel anlamlarını daha çok içermesi nedeniyle her iki literatürü spesifik bir konu özelinde mukayese etmek ve bu suretle aralarında gerçekleşen dönüşümü ortaya koymak ise makalenin başlıca amacı olarak belirlenmiştir. Mezkur hedefe sistemli bir biçimde ulaşabilmek için makale temelde iki kısma ayrılmıştır. İlk alt başlıkta müfessir fakihlerce setr-i avret, cehrî namazda imamı dinleme zorunluluğu, tilâvet secdesi, mushafa abdestsiz şekildemuhdes halde dokunma ve necasetten temizlik konularında delil getirilen -sırasıyla- Arâf 731, Arâf 7204, Meryem 1958, Vâkıa 5679 ve Müddessir 744 ayetlerinin erken dönem tefsir literatüründe bahsi geçen istikamette değerlendirilip değerlendirilmediği ele alınmıştır. Diğer alt başlıktaysa erken dönem-ahkâmül-Kurân literatürü mukayesesinin ortaya konabilmesi için aynı ayetlerin ahkâmül-Kurân literatüründe nasıl değerlendirildiği ele alınmıştır. Bu bağlamda; Müddessir 744 ayeti erken dönem tefsir literatüründe Allah rasulünün vahiy tecrübesiyle tanıştığı zamanlarda yaşadığı psikolojik durumu anlatan tahlillerle tefsir edilmiştir. Söz konusu tahlillerde artık onu ağır bir sorumluluğun beklediği, elbisesinekendine çekidüzen vererek risalet görevine başlaması gerektiği beyan edilmiştir. Aynı ayet, ahkâmül-Kurân tefsirlerinde necâsetten tahâret namaz kılınacak yerin ve elbisenin temiz olması gerekliliği konusunda Hz. Peygamberden nakledilen hadislerden de destek alınmak suretiyle bir argüman olarak yorumlanmıştır. Vâkıa 5679 ayetinde yer alan mutahherûn sözcüğü erken dönem dilbilimsel tefsirlerde melekler, şerefli elçiler ve temiz ruhânî varlıklar istikametinde anlaşılmıştır. Bu yöndeki bir anlamanın kelimenin temel sözlük anlamlarından ve ayetin iç bütünlüğünden hareketle ortaya çıktığı ifade edilmiştir. İlgili ayet ahkâmül-Kurân telifatında mushafa abdestsizmuhdes halde dokunmanın, onu ele almanın haramlığı doğrultusunda kabul görmüştür. Meryem 1958 ayeti erken dönem tefsir literatüründe peygamberlerin Allahın kelâmını işittiklerinde saygıdan eğilmeleri, secde etmeleri hatırladıklarında ağlamaları şeklinde tefsir edilmiştir. Yüce Allah tarafından bu ayette eğilme, yere kapanma, secde eylemlerinin ibadet yönüne vurgu yapılmadığı bilakis Allaha ve onun sözlerine saygı hususunda genel bir perspektifin sunulduğu beyan edilmiştir. Aynı ayet ahkâmül-Kurân eserlerinde Hz. Peygamberden nakledilen hatırı sayılır miktarda hadis rivayetleriyle harmanlanıp tilâvet secdesi konusunda bir argüman olarak yorumlanmıştır. Arâf 731 ayetiyle ilgili yorumlar, Kuranın sözsellügavî anlamlarının ağırlıkta olduğu erken dönem tefsirlerinde müşriklerin Câhiliyeden kalma hac ve tavaf ibadetlerine dair rivayetler etrafında şekillenmektedir. İlgili ayetin tefsirinde müşriklerin Kabeyi çıplak biçimde tavaf ettiklerine ait rivayet referanslı açıklamalara yer verilmektedir. Kuranın metinsel manalarını içeren ahkâmül-Kurân tefsirlerindeyse ayetin bütünü üzerinde imâl-i fikr edilmek suretiyle ayet; namazda bedenin örtülmesi, setr-i avret belirli vasıfta ve miktarda elbise olmadan namazın geçerli sayılmayacağı meselelerine bir dayanak kabul edilmiştir. Arâf 7204 ayetinde yer alan festemiû lehû ve veensıtû emirleri erken dönem tefsir literatüründe şöyle tefsir edilmiştir: Ayetteki emirlerin muhatabı müşriklerdir. Onlara Kuranın insanlar üzerindeki tesirini engelleyemeyecekleri bildirilmekte, hidayet çağrısına kulak vermeleri ve Kuran okunduğunda onu ses çıkarmadan dinlemeleri emredilmektedir. Arâf suresinin aynı ayeti birkaç asır sonra kaleme alınan ahkâmül-Kurân literatüründeyse müminlerin cehrî namazda kıraat etmeden imamın kıraatini dinlemeleri gerektiği şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak; müfessir fakihlerin ilk üç ayeti hadislerdeki sarih bilgilerden destek alarak genişletmeleri tefsirde nesnel anlamların öncelenmesi ve hedeflenmesi faaliyetlerine katkıda bulunmuştur. Öte yandan dış bağlama riayet edilmemesinden dolayı son iki ayet hakkında üretilen yorumlarda murâd-ı ilâhîyi yakalama hususunda çok da isabet edilememiştir.

Makale detayları

Physical Worship as an Example of the Divergence of the Literature of Ahkām al-Qur'ān from the Early Tafsir Literature

Yazarlar:

Mustafa Sait Kaplan

Yayıncı:

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

Ana Başlıklar:

Tefsir

Dergi:

Rize İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 28, pp.139-153

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

4/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001340719

pISSN:

2980-0331

Tafsir

Early Period

Ahkâm al-Qur

Physical Worship

TransformationTefsir

Erken Dönem

Ahkâmü’l-Kur’ân

Bedenî İbadetler

Dönüşüm

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Mustafa Sait Kaplan

Yayıncı: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

Ana Başlıklar: Tefsir

Dergi: Rize İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 28, pp.139-153

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 4/2025

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001340719

pISSN: 2980-0331

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Mustafa Sait Kaplan

Yayıncı:

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University

Ana Başlıklar:

Tefsir

Dergi:

Rize İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 28, pp.139-153

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

4/2025

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001340719

pISSN:

2980-0331