The Emergence of the Press in Palestine and Initial Reactions to Jewish Immigration (ʿAliyah) (1908-1914)

Abdulkadir Karacadağ; Eyyüp Tanrıverdi

Makale detayları

The Emergence of the Press in Palestine and Initial Reactions to Jewish Immigration (ʿAliyah) (1908-1914)

Yazarlar:

Abdulkadir Karacadağ | Eyyüp Tanrıverdi

Yayıncı:

Harran University

Ana Başlıklar:

Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Harran İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 52, pp.234-248

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001333207

pISSN:

2791-6812

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 This study examines how the historical Jewish migration movement to Palestine, known as ʿAliyah, gained a political dimension with Zionist objectives starting from the late 19th century and the reactions it elicited in the Palestinian press. It discusses the process by which the ʿAliyah movement acquired a political identity aligned with Zionist goals, the transformations it caused in the demographic and social structure of Palestine, the reflections of the first and second ʿAliyahs in the Palestinian press, and the role the press played during this period. Additionally, it explores the fundamental dynamics and outcomes of the conflict between the Arab press and the Zionist press, the reactions of the Ottoman administration and the Palestinian people to these migratory movements, as well as the impact of historical events such as World War I and the Arab Revolt on this issue. The first wave of Zionist ʿAliyah occurred between 1882 and 1903, and the second wave took place from 1904 to 1914. This study examines the impact of the first and second ʿAliyahs on the Palestinian press, focusing particularly on the period between 1908 and 1914. This era corresponds to a time when the press became widespread in Palestine under the influence of the Second Constitutional Era, marking a period during which numerous issues concerning the Palestinian public were debated through the press. The introduction of the study provides a general evaluation of the ʿAliyahs, which began in 1882 with Zionist objectives and continued for approximately a century with the support of various Zionist organizations. The first chapter employs the document analysis method to examine the press in Palestine, beginning with al-Quds al-Sharīf, which became widespread with the proclamation of the Second Constitutional Era and ceased publication with the outbreak of World War I. In this context, prominent and influential publications such as Filasṭīn ʿĪsā al-ʿĪsā, al-Karmil Najīb Naṣṣār, al-Quds Jūrjī Ḥabīb Ḥanāniyyā and al-Munādī Saʿīd Jārullāh, are analyzed in terms of their editorial teams, target audiences, publication policies, and responses to the ʿAliyahs. Furthermore, possible reasons behind the indifferent or biased attitudes of influential newspapers like al-Taraqqī İmīl Alūnsū, al-Nafīr Iliyyā Zakā and al-Akhbār Bandalī Ḥannā ʿArābī toward the ʿAliyahs are evaluated. The Arab press, which believed that the ʿAliyahs disrupted the demographic and social structure of Palestine, viewed these migrations as a threat to the national and religious values in Palestine and, consequently, to the survival of the Ottoman Empire. In this regard, the press called on the Ottoman Parliament, particularly the Palestinian deputies, as well as the Committee of Union and Progress administration to take measures against the ʿAliyahs. It also published hundreds of articles to raise public awareness about the dangers of Zionism. Moreover, Palestinian press outlets, led by Filasṭīn and al-Karmil newspapers, considered Zionism as a primary threat and sought to create an atmosphere of unity and solidarity within the press. During the same period, Zionist press outlets active in Palestine responded to this solidarity in the Arab press. Figures such as Shimon Moyal, Albert Antébi, and Esther Lazari, who were Arab and Mizrahi Jews, established a press organization named Ha-Megan and published newspapers such as Ha-Herut and Ṣawtul-ʿUthmāniyya to defend Jewish rights and legitimize Zionist migrations in response to the Arab press. The second section addresses the conflict between the Zionist press and the Arab press in Palestine between 1908 and 1914. This conflict is analysed based on Ottomanist ideology, revealing that both sides engaged in harsh criticisms against one another through this discourse and frequently faced accusations of treason, resulting in legal confrontations. Disputes between Arab and Jewish journalists were brought before Ottoman courts, leading to various punitive measures. As a result, the Palestinian press and public recognized the dangers posed by the ʿAliyahs relatively early on and developed a collective response to this threat. The critical role of the press in this regard provided a significant platform for raising awareness within Arab society about the dangers of Zionism. However, the outbreak of World War I and the subsequent closure of press outlets due to wartime conditions adversely affected the press culture in Palestine, relegating the issues of ʿAliyah and Zionism to the background. Furthermore, the eruption of the Arab Revolt in 1916, led by Sharīf Ḥusayn, caused the threat of Zionism in Palestine to lose its prominence on the agenda, and this issue was ultimately left to the initiative of the British Mandate.

 Bu çalışma, Yahudilerin Filistine yönelik tarihsel göç hareketi olan ʿAliyanın XIX. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Siyonist amaçlarla nasıl siyasi bir boyut kazandığını ve bu doğrultuda Filistin basınında nasıl tepkilere neden olduğunu ele almaktadır; ʿAliya hareketinin Siyonist hedefler doğrultusunda siyasi bir kimlik kazanma süreci ve bu bağlamda Filistinin demografik ve toplumsal yapısında yarattığı dönüşümler, birinci ve ikinci ʿAliyaların Filistin basınındaki yansımaları ve bu süreçte basının üstlendiği rol, Arap basını ile Siyonist basın arasındaki çatışmanın temel dinamikleri ve sonuçları, Osmanlı yönetiminin ve Filistin halkının bu göç hareketlerine yönelik tepkileri ile Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve Arap Ayaklanması gibi tarihsel olayların bu mesele üzerindeki etkileri tartışılmaktadır. İlk Siyonist ʿAliya dalgası 1882-1903 yılları arasında gerçekleşirken ikinci ʿAliya dalgası 1904-1914 yılları arasında yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışma, birinci ve ikinci ʿAliyaların Filistin basınındaki etkilerini incelemekte olup özellikle 1908-1914 yılları arasındaki dönemi kapsamaktadır. Bu dönem, II. Meşrutiyetin etkisiyle Filistinde basının yaygınlaştığı ve Filistin halkını ilgilendiren birçok konunun basın aracılığıyla tartışıldığı bir süreci ifade etmektedir. Çalışmanın giriş bölümünde 1882de Siyonist amaçlarla başlayan ve yaklaşık yüz yıl boyunca çeşitli Siyonist kuruluşların desteğiyle devam eden ʿAliyalar genel hatlarıyla değerlendirilmiştir. Birinci bölümde, doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılarak Filistinde el-Ḳudsuş-şerīf ile başlayan, II. Meşrutiyetin ilanıyla yaygınlaşan ve Birinci Dünya Savaşının başlamasıyla kapanan basın organları incelenmiştir. Bu süreçte Filesṭīn ʿĪsā el-ʿĪsā, el-Kermil Necīb el-Ḫūrī Naṣṣār, el-Ḳuds Cūrc Ḥabīb Ḥanāniyā ve el-Munādī Saʿīd Cārullāh gibi yüksek tirajlı ve kamuoyunda etkili yayımların yazar kadrosu, hedef kitlesi, yayım politikaları ve ʿAliyalara karşı verdikleri tepkiler ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, et-Teraḳḳī İmīl Ālūnsū, en-Nefīr İliyyā Zekā ve el-Aḫbār Bendelī Ḥannā Ġirābī gibi etkili gazetelerin ʿAliyalara kayıtsız ya da taraflı tutumlarının olası sebepleri değerlendirilmiştir. ʿAliyaların Filistinin demografik ve toplumsal yapısını bozduğunu düşünen Arap basını, bu göçleri Filistindeki milli ve dinî değerler bağlamında Osmanlının bekası için bir tehdit olarak görmüştür. Bu doğrultuda basın, ʿAliyalara karşı alınacak önlemler konusunda Filistin mebusları başta olmak üzere Meclis-i Mebusan ve İttihat ve Terakki yönetimine çağrıda bulunmuş ve halkı Siyonizm tehlikesine karşı bilinçlendirmek amacıyla yüzlerce makale yayımlamıştır. Ayrıca, Filesṭīn ve el-Kermil gazetelerinin öncülüğünü yaptığı Filistin basın organları, Siyonizmi başlıca tehdit kabul ederek basında birlik ve dayanışma ortamı oluşturmaya çalışmıştır. Aynı dönemde Filistinde faaliyet gösteren Siyonist basın organları ise Arap basınındaki bu dayanışmaya karşı bir tepki göstermiştir. Arap ve Mizrahi Yahudileri olan Şimon Moyal, Albert Antébi ve Ester Lazari gibi isimler, Ha-Megan adlı bir basın örgütü kurmuş ve Ha-Herut ile Ṣavtul-ʿUsmāniyye gazetelerini yayımlayarak Arap basınına karşı Yahudilerin haklarını ve Siyonist göçlerin meşruiyetini savunmuşlardır. İkinci bölümde, 1908-1914 yılları arasında Filistindeki Siyonist basın ile Arap basını arasındaki çatışma ele alınmıştır. Bu çatışma, Osmanlıcılık ideolojisi çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiş ve her iki tarafın bu söylem üzerinden birbirlerine karşı sert eleştirilerde bulunduğu, sık sık vatan hainliği suçlamalarıyla mahkemelerde karşı karşıya geldikleri görülmüştür. Arap ve Yahudi basın mensupları arasındaki anlaşmazlıklar, Osmanlı mahkemelerine taşınmış ve çeşitli cezai yaptırımlar uygulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak Filistin basını ve halkı, Aliyaların yarattığı tehlikeyi görece erken bir dönemde fark etmiş ve bu tehlikeye karşı kitlesel bir tepki geliştirmiştir. Basının bu konuda oynadığı kritik rol, Arap toplumunu Siyonizm tehlikesi konusunda bilinçlendirmeye yönelik önemli bir platform olmuştur. Birinci Dünya Savaşının başlaması ve savaş koşulları nedeniyle basın organlarının kapatılması, Filistindeki basın kültürünü olumsuz etkilemiş, ʿAliya ve Siyonizm meselesi geri plana itilmiştir. Dahası, 1916 yılında Şerīf Ḥuseyn liderliğindeki Arap ayaklanmasının patlak vermesi, Filistindeki Siyonizm tehlikesinin gündemdeki yerini kaybetmesine neden olmuş ve bu sorun İngiliz Mandaterliğinin inisiyatifine bırakılmıştır.

 This study examines how the historical Jewish migration movement to Palestine, known as ʿAliyah, gained a political dimension with Zionist objectives starting from the late 19th century and the reactions it elicited in the Palestinian press. It discusses the process by which the ʿAliyah movement acquired a political identity aligned with Zionist goals, the transformations it caused in the demographic and social structure of Palestine, the reflections of the first and second ʿAliyahs in the Palestinian press, and the role the press played during this period. Additionally, it explores the fundamental dynamics and outcomes of the conflict between the Arab press and the Zionist press, the reactions of the Ottoman administration and the Palestinian people to these migratory movements, as well as the impact of historical events such as World War I and the Arab Revolt on this issue. The first wave of Zionist ʿAliyah occurred between 1882 and 1903, and the second wave took place from 1904 to 1914. This study examines the impact of the first and second ʿAliyahs on the Palestinian press, focusing particularly on the period between 1908 and 1914. This era corresponds to a time when the press became widespread in Palestine under the influence of the Second Constitutional Era, marking a period during which numerous issues concerning the Palestinian public were debated through the press. The introduction of the study provides a general evaluation of the ʿAliyahs, which began in 1882 with Zionist objectives and continued for approximately a century with the support of various Zionist organizations. The first chapter employs the document analysis method to examine the press in Palestine, beginning with al-Quds al-Sharīf, which became widespread with the proclamation of the Second Constitutional Era and ceased publication with the outbreak of World War I. In this context, prominent and influential publications such as Filasṭīn ʿĪsā al-ʿĪsā, al-Karmil Najīb Naṣṣār, al-Quds Jūrjī Ḥabīb Ḥanāniyyā and al-Munādī Saʿīd Jārullāh, are analyzed in terms of their editorial teams, target audiences, publication policies, and responses to the ʿAliyahs. Furthermore, possible reasons behind the indifferent or biased attitudes of influential newspapers like al-Taraqqī İmīl Alūnsū, al-Nafīr Iliyyā Zakā and al-Akhbār Bandalī Ḥannā ʿArābī toward the ʿAliyahs are evaluated. The Arab press, which believed that the ʿAliyahs disrupted the demographic and social structure of Palestine, viewed these migrations as a threat to the national and religious values in Palestine and, consequently, to the survival of the Ottoman Empire. In this regard, the press called on the Ottoman Parliament, particularly the Palestinian deputies, as well as the Committee of Union and Progress administration to take measures against the ʿAliyahs. It also published hundreds of articles to raise public awareness about the dangers of Zionism. Moreover, Palestinian press outlets, led by Filasṭīn and al-Karmil newspapers, considered Zionism as a primary threat and sought to create an atmosphere of unity and solidarity within the press. During the same period, Zionist press outlets active in Palestine responded to this solidarity in the Arab press. Figures such as Shimon Moyal, Albert Antébi, and Esther Lazari, who were Arab and Mizrahi Jews, established a press organization named Ha-Megan and published newspapers such as Ha-Herut and Ṣawtul-ʿUthmāniyya to defend Jewish rights and legitimize Zionist migrations in response to the Arab press. The second section addresses the conflict between the Zionist press and the Arab press in Palestine between 1908 and 1914. This conflict is analysed based on Ottomanist ideology, revealing that both sides engaged in harsh criticisms against one another through this discourse and frequently faced accusations of treason, resulting in legal confrontations. Disputes between Arab and Jewish journalists were brought before Ottoman courts, leading to various punitive measures. As a result, the Palestinian press and public recognized the dangers posed by the ʿAliyahs relatively early on and developed a collective response to this threat. The critical role of the press in this regard provided a significant platform for raising awareness within Arab society about the dangers of Zionism. However, the outbreak of World War I and the subsequent closure of press outlets due to wartime conditions adversely affected the press culture in Palestine, relegating the issues of ʿAliyah and Zionism to the background. Furthermore, the eruption of the Arab Revolt in 1916, led by Sharīf Ḥusayn, caused the threat of Zionism in Palestine to lose its prominence on the agenda, and this issue was ultimately left to the initiative of the British Mandate.

 This study examines how the historical Jewish migration movement to Palestine, known as ʿAliyah, gained a political dimension with Zionist objectives starting from the late 19th century and the reactions it elicited in the Palestinian press. It discusses the process by which the ʿAliyah movement acquired a political identity aligned with Zionist goals, the transformations it caused in the demographic and social structure of Palestine, the reflections of the first and second ʿAliyahs in the Palestinian press, and the role the press played during this period. Additionally, it explores the fundamental dynamics and outcomes of the conflict between the Arab press and the Zionist press, the reactions of the Ottoman administration and the Palestinian people to these migratory movements, as well as the impact of historical events such as World War I and the Arab Revolt on this issue. The first wave of Zionist ʿAliyah occurred between 1882 and 1903, and the second wave took place from 1904 to 1914. This study examines the impact of the first and second ʿAliyahs on the Palestinian press, focusing particularly on the period between 1908 and 1914. This era corresponds to a time when the press became widespread in Palestine under the influence of the Second Constitutional Era, marking a period during which numerous issues concerning the Palestinian public were debated through the press. The introduction of the study provides a general evaluation of the ʿAliyahs, which began in 1882 with Zionist objectives and continued for approximately a century with the support of various Zionist organizations. The first chapter employs the document analysis method to examine the press in Palestine, beginning with al-Quds al-Sharīf, which became widespread with the proclamation of the Second Constitutional Era and ceased publication with the outbreak of World War I. In this context, prominent and influential publications such as Filasṭīn ʿĪsā al-ʿĪsā, al-Karmil Najīb Naṣṣār, al-Quds Jūrjī Ḥabīb Ḥanāniyyā and al-Munādī Saʿīd Jārullāh, are analyzed in terms of their editorial teams, target audiences, publication policies, and responses to the ʿAliyahs. Furthermore, possible reasons behind the indifferent or biased attitudes of influential newspapers like al-Taraqqī İmīl Alūnsū, al-Nafīr Iliyyā Zakā and al-Akhbār Bandalī Ḥannā ʿArābī toward the ʿAliyahs are evaluated. The Arab press, which believed that the ʿAliyahs disrupted the demographic and social structure of Palestine, viewed these migrations as a threat to the national and religious values in Palestine and, consequently, to the survival of the Ottoman Empire. In this regard, the press called on the Ottoman Parliament, particularly the Palestinian deputies, as well as the Committee of Union and Progress administration to take measures against the ʿAliyahs. It also published hundreds of articles to raise public awareness about the dangers of Zionism. Moreover, Palestinian press outlets, led by Filasṭīn and al-Karmil newspapers, considered Zionism as a primary threat and sought to create an atmosphere of unity and solidarity within the press. During the same period, Zionist press outlets active in Palestine responded to this solidarity in the Arab press. Figures such as Shimon Moyal, Albert Antébi, and Esther Lazari, who were Arab and Mizrahi Jews, established a press organization named Ha-Megan and published newspapers such as Ha-Herut and Ṣawtul-ʿUthmāniyya to defend Jewish rights and legitimize Zionist migrations in response to the Arab press. The second section addresses the conflict between the Zionist press and the Arab press in Palestine between 1908 and 1914. This conflict is analysed based on Ottomanist ideology, revealing that both sides engaged in harsh criticisms against one another through this discourse and frequently faced accusations of treason, resulting in legal confrontations. Disputes between Arab and Jewish journalists were brought before Ottoman courts, leading to various punitive measures. As a result, the Palestinian press and public recognized the dangers posed by the ʿAliyahs relatively early on and developed a collective response to this threat. The critical role of the press in this regard provided a significant platform for raising awareness within Arab society about the dangers of Zionism. However, the outbreak of World War I and the subsequent closure of press outlets due to wartime conditions adversely affected the press culture in Palestine, relegating the issues of ʿAliyah and Zionism to the background. Furthermore, the eruption of the Arab Revolt in 1916, led by Sharīf Ḥusayn, caused the threat of Zionism in Palestine to lose its prominence on the agenda, and this issue was ultimately left to the initiative of the British Mandate.

Makale detayları

The Emergence of the Press in Palestine and Initial Reactions to Jewish Immigration (ʿAliyah) (1908-1914)

Yazarlar:

Abdulkadir Karacadağ | Eyyüp Tanrıverdi

Yayıncı:

Harran University

Ana Başlıklar:

Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Harran İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 52, pp.234-248

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001333207

pISSN:

2791-6812

Arabic Literature

ʿAliyah

Zionism

Palestinian Press

al-Karmil

FilasṭīnArap Edebiyatı

ʿAliya

Siyonizm

Filistin Basını

el-Kermil

Filesṭīn.

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Abdulkadir Karacadağ | Eyyüp Tanrıverdi

Yayıncı: Harran University

Ana Başlıklar: Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi: Harran İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 52, pp.234-248

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 12/2024

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001333207

pISSN: 2791-6812

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Abdulkadir Karacadağ | Eyyüp Tanrıverdi

Yayıncı:

Harran University

Ana Başlıklar:

Edebi Çalışmalar (Diğer)

Dergi:

Harran İlahiyat Dergisi Issue 52, pp.234-248

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

12/2024

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001333207

pISSN:

2791-6812