ANALYSING THE NATIONAL EDUCATION COUNCILS OF THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD IN THE CONTEXT OF CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION POLICIES  (1921-2021)

İlyas Kara; Ahmet Tokmak; Mehmet Baki Öztürk

Makale detayları

ANALYSING THE NATIONAL EDUCATION COUNCILS OF THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD IN THE CONTEXT OF CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION POLICIES (1921-2021)

Yazarlar:

İlyas Kara | Ahmet Tokmak | Mehmet Baki Öztürk

Yayıncı:

Ankara University

Dergi:

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi , pp.92-121

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

10/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001302189

pISSN:

2459-0150

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 In this study, it is aimed to analyse the National Education Councils 1921-2021 in the context of citizenship education policies in the Republican Era. In this direction, the studies of the Committee of Scientists operating between 1921-1926 and the decisions taken in the National Education Councils held between 1939-2021 and the documents belonging to these councils were analysed. Citizenship education policies were associated with the political characteristics of the period. The research is a qualitative study and document analysis method was used in the study. As a result of the research, it was concluded that after the War of Independence was won and the Republic was established, it was aimed to raise republican, democratic and secular citizens who had internalised the Republic through education, and that the consciousness of being a nation and love for homeland came to the fore. It was observed that citizenship education in the Single Party period was generally duty-oriented and emphasised duty rather than rights, and aimed to raise nationalist and patriotic individuals who could give up individual interests for the general interests of society when necessary. Although the project of creating a republican nation continued in this period, it was determined that more efforts were made to establish a universal, supra-national, enlightenment, modernist and supra-cultural personality. It was determined that the political understanding of the Democratic Party that shaped education was based on two basic principles: westernism and traditionalism. It has been observed that citizenship education in this period was given in this direction. It has been determined that 1960-1980 was a very turbulent period in political and social terms, and the violence and anarchy in the 1970s resulted in the military coup détat of 12 September, which ignored the national will. It was seen that the first goal of the coup government was to ensure political and social stability by distancing the overly politicised society from politics. The citizenship education policies of the period also developed in this direction. Religious education in schools was made a legal obligation. The state encouraged religious education through such practices. After 2002, values education, religious education and citizenship education were emphasised and these issues were frequently discussed in National Education Councils.

 In this study, it is aimed to analyse the National Education Councils 1921-2021 in the context of citizenship education policies in the Republican Era. In this direction, the studies of the Committee of Scientists operating between 1921-1926 and the decisions taken in the National Education Councils held between 1939-2021 and the documents belonging to these councils were analysed. Citizenship education policies were associated with the political characteristics of the period. The research is a qualitative study and document analysis method was used in the study. As a result of the research, it was concluded that after the War of Independence was won and the Republic was established, it was aimed to raise republican, democratic and secular citizens who had internalised the Republic through education, and that the consciousness of being a nation and love for homeland came to the fore. It was observed that citizenship education in the Single Party period was generally duty-oriented and emphasised duty rather than rights, and aimed to raise nationalist and patriotic individuals who could give up individual interests for the general interests of society when necessary. Although the project of creating a republican nation continued in this period, it was determined that more efforts were made to establish a universal, supra-national, enlightenment, modernist and supra-cultural personality. It was determined that the political understanding of the Democratic Party that shaped education was based on two basic principles: westernism and traditionalism. It has been observed that citizenship education in this period was given in this direction. It has been determined that 1960-1980 was a very turbulent period in political and social terms, and the violence and anarchy in the 1970s resulted in the military coup détat of 12 September, which ignored the national will. It was seen that the first goal of the coup government was to ensure political and social stability by distancing the overly politicised society from politics. The citizenship education policies of the period also developed in this direction. Religious education in schools was made a legal obligation. The state encouraged religious education through such practices. After 2002, values education, religious education and citizenship education were emphasised and these issues were frequently discussed in National Education Councils.

 In this study, it is aimed to analyse the National Education Councils 1921-2021 in the context of citizenship education policies in the Republican Era. In this direction, the studies of the Committee of Scientists operating between 1921-1926 and the decisions taken in the National Education Councils held between 1939-2021 and the documents belonging to these councils were analysed. Citizenship education policies were associated with the political characteristics of the period. The research is a qualitative study and document analysis method was used in the study. As a result of the research, it was concluded that after the War of Independence was won and the Republic was established, it was aimed to raise republican, democratic and secular citizens who had internalised the Republic through education, and that the consciousness of being a nation and love for homeland came to the fore. It was observed that citizenship education in the Single Party period was generally duty-oriented and emphasised duty rather than rights, and aimed to raise nationalist and patriotic individuals who could give up individual interests for the general interests of society when necessary. Although the project of creating a republican nation continued in this period, it was determined that more efforts were made to establish a universal, supra-national, enlightenment, modernist and supra-cultural personality. It was determined that the political understanding of the Democratic Party that shaped education was based on two basic principles: westernism and traditionalism. It has been observed that citizenship education in this period was given in this direction. It has been determined that 1960-1980 was a very turbulent period in political and social terms, and the violence and anarchy in the 1970s resulted in the military coup détat of 12 September, which ignored the national will. It was seen that the first goal of the coup government was to ensure political and social stability by distancing the overly politicised society from politics. The citizenship education policies of the period also developed in this direction. Religious education in schools was made a legal obligation. The state encouraged religious education through such practices. After 2002, values education, religious education and citizenship education were emphasised and these issues were frequently discussed in National Education Councils.

 Bu araştırmada Cumhuriyet Dönemi vatandaşlık eğitimi politikaları bağlamında Milli Eğitim Şuralarının incelenmesi 1921-2021 amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda 1921-1926 yılları arasında faaliyet gösteren Heyet-i İlmiyenin çalışmaları ile 1939-2021 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen Milli Eğitim Şûralarında alınan kararlar ve bu şûralara ait dokümanlar incelenmiştir. Vatandaşlık eğitimi politikaları dönemin siyasal özellikleriyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Araştırma nitel bir çalışma olup çalışmada doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda Kurtuluş Savaşı kazanıldıktan ve Cumhuriyet kurulduktan sonra eğitim-öğretim aracılığıyla Cumhuriyeti özümsemiş, Cumhuriyetçi, demokratik ve laik vatandaşların yetiştirilmesinin amaçlandığı, millet olma bilincinin ve vatan sevgisinin ön plana çıktığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Tek Parti döneminde vatandaşlık eğitiminin genel olarak haktan çok vazife odaklı ve görev vurgulu olduğu, gerektiğinde bireysel çıkarlardan toplumun genel menfaatleri için vazgeçebilen, milliyetçi ve vatansever bireyler yetiştirmeyi amaçladığı görülmüştür. Bu dönemde her ne kadar cumhuriyetçi ulus meydana getirme projesi devam etse de daha çok evrensel, ulus-üstü, aydınlanmacı, modernist ve kültür-üstü kişilik kurmaya çalışıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Demokrat Partinin eğitimi şekillendiren siyasi anlayışının batıcılık ve geleneksellik şeklinde iki temel prensibe dayandığı saptanmıştır. Bu dönemdeki vatandaşlık eğitiminin de bu doğrultuda verildiği görülmüştür. 1960-1980 yılları arasında siyasal ve sosyal açıdan oldukça çalkantılı bir dönem yaşandığı, 1970li yıllarda yaşanan şiddet ve anarşi olaylarının milli iradeyi yok sayan 12 Eylül askeri darbesi ile sonuçlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Darbe yönetiminin ilk hedefinin, aşırı derecede politize olmuş toplumu politikadan uzaklaştırarak siyasal ve toplumsal istikrarı sağlamak olduğu görülmüştür. Dönemin vatandaşlık eğitimi politikaları da bu doğrultuda gelişmiştir. Okullarda din eğitiminin verilmesi yasal bir zorunluluk haline getirilmiştir. Devlet bu gibi uygulamalarla din eğitimini teşvik etmiştir. 2002 yılı sonrasında değeler eğitimi, din eğitimi ve vatandaşlık eğitimi önemsenmiş ve bu konular Milli Eğitim Şuralarında sıklıkla konuşulmuştur.

Makale detayları

ANALYSING THE NATIONAL EDUCATION COUNCILS OF THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD IN THE CONTEXT OF CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION POLICIES (1921-2021)

Yazarlar:

İlyas Kara | Ahmet Tokmak | Mehmet Baki Öztürk

Yayıncı:

Ankara University

Dergi:

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi , pp.92-121

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

10/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001302189

pISSN:

2459-0150

Republic

Republican Period

Citizenship Education

National Education CouncilsCumhuriyet

Cumhuriyet Dönemi

Vatandaşlık Eğitimi

Milli Eğitim Şuraları

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: İlyas Kara | Ahmet Tokmak | Mehmet Baki Öztürk

Yayıncı: Ankara University

Dergi: Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi , pp.92-121

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 10/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001302189

pISSN: 2459-0150

Sayı

Yazarlar:

İlyas Kara | Ahmet Tokmak | Mehmet Baki Öztürk

Yayıncı:

Ankara University

Dergi:

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi , pp.92-121

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

10/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001302189

pISSN:

2459-0150