The Concept of Ishtirāq and Its Historical Development in the Arabic Language

Muhammet Kasım Erden

Makale detayları

The Concept of Ishtirāq and Its Historical Development in the Arabic Language

Yazarlar:

Muhammet Kasım Erden

Yayıncı:

Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

İlahiyat Akademi Issue 17, pp.83-116

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294627

pISSN:

2149-3979

Anahtar kelimeler:

Özet:

 The explanations about the definition of the concept of ishtirāq, which is understood as polysemy in Turkish, are found first in the triple classification regarding the expressions made by the Arab linguist Sībawayh d. 180796, who lived in the 2nd8th century, in his book named al-Kitāb Accordingly, the expressions appear as words with different forms and meanings, words with different forms but the same meaning, and words with the same form but different meanings. Although he did not mention it by name as a term, he described the ishtirāq as words with the same form but different meanings. The linguists who came after him generally followed this classification, no difference was recorded in the definition of this concept and the explanations and examples given were transmitted with very little change. In the modern period, it is observed that the explanations made regarding the concept of ishtirāq are generally presented without any specific condition or limitation, as in the early periods. However, al-Munajjid tried to put a framework by defining this concept as Words that are not compound but simple, in which the movement and letter order do not undergo any change, and which signify with a special signification in a single environment and within the same period of time, and in which there is no connection between them in terms of meaning and eloquence. The issue of the existence of ishtirāq has been debated; some deny its existence by arguing that each word is coined for a single meaning, and putting two different or opposite meanings into a single word creates ambiguity and uncertainty, which ruins the eloquence of language. Others, however, accept it as a reality of language and consider it a richness of the language. Indeed, thanks to this phenomenon, unlimited objects can be described with limited words, which provides flexibility to the language. Moreover, since meanings in language are limitless but words are limited, the need for common words is inevitable. On the other hand, when we consider the prevalence of ishtirāq in all languages, its universal aspect cannot be ignored. The notion that common words cause confusion and uncertainty in meaning is not correct. Rather, to eliminate these negatives and determine the meaning, it is sufficient to consider the context. Furthermore, the notion that common words damage the eloquence of language is not correct. On the contrary, they ensure that speech is clear and literary. Some have interpreted the concept of aḍdād which means the presence of two opposite meanings in a single word, as part of ishtirāq based on the fact that a word can have multiple meanings. Others have referred to it as a separate concept unique to the Arabic language, arguing that there is no connection between the meanings of the common words, including opposites. Some argue that synonymy should be considered within the scope of polysemy multiple meanings, while others claim that because there is no relationship between the meanings, homonymy is different from polysemy. In this study, the historical development of ishtirāq, one of the concepts in the Arabic language, which has been an ongoing term from the past to the present, has been examined, and its semantic analysis has been conducted to reveal its referential development and conceptual framework. Document analysis method was used to demonstrate conceptual change, and classical and modern sources were chronologically reviewed and compared between periods.

 The explanations about the definition of the concept of ishtirāq, which is understood as polysemy in Turkish, are found first in the triple classification regarding the expressions made by the Arab linguist Sībawayh d. 180796, who lived in the 2nd8th century, in his book named al-Kitāb Accordingly, the expressions appear as words with different forms and meanings, words with different forms but the same meaning, and words with the same form but different meanings. Although he did not mention it by name as a term, he described the ishtirāq as words with the same form but different meanings. The linguists who came after him generally followed this classification, no difference was recorded in the definition of this concept and the explanations and examples given were transmitted with very little change. In the modern period, it is observed that the explanations made regarding the concept of ishtirāq are generally presented without any specific condition or limitation, as in the early periods. However, al-Munajjid tried to put a framework by defining this concept as Words that are not compound but simple, in which the movement and letter order do not undergo any change, and which signify with a special signification in a single environment and within the same period of time, and in which there is no connection between them in terms of meaning and eloquence. The issue of the existence of ishtirāq has been debated; some deny its existence by arguing that each word is coined for a single meaning, and putting two different or opposite meanings into a single word creates ambiguity and uncertainty, which ruins the eloquence of language. Others, however, accept it as a reality of language and consider it a richness of the language. Indeed, thanks to this phenomenon, unlimited objects can be described with limited words, which provides flexibility to the language. Moreover, since meanings in language are limitless but words are limited, the need for common words is inevitable. On the other hand, when we consider the prevalence of ishtirāq in all languages, its universal aspect cannot be ignored. The notion that common words cause confusion and uncertainty in meaning is not correct. Rather, to eliminate these negatives and determine the meaning, it is sufficient to consider the context. Furthermore, the notion that common words damage the eloquence of language is not correct. On the contrary, they ensure that speech is clear and literary. Some have interpreted the concept of aḍdād which means the presence of two opposite meanings in a single word, as part of ishtirāq based on the fact that a word can have multiple meanings. Others have referred to it as a separate concept unique to the Arabic language, arguing that there is no connection between the meanings of the common words, including opposites. Some argue that synonymy should be considered within the scope of polysemy multiple meanings, while others claim that because there is no relationship between the meanings, homonymy is different from polysemy. In this study, the historical development of ishtirāq, one of the concepts in the Arabic language, which has been an ongoing term from the past to the present, has been examined, and its semantic analysis has been conducted to reveal its referential development and conceptual framework. Document analysis method was used to demonstrate conceptual change, and classical and modern sources were chronologically reviewed and compared between periods.

 The explanations about the definition of the concept of ishtirāq, which is understood as polysemy in Turkish, are found first in the triple classification regarding the expressions made by the Arab linguist Sībawayh d. 180796, who lived in the 2nd8th century, in his book named al-Kitāb Accordingly, the expressions appear as words with different forms and meanings, words with different forms but the same meaning, and words with the same form but different meanings. Although he did not mention it by name as a term, he described the ishtirāq as words with the same form but different meanings. The linguists who came after him generally followed this classification, no difference was recorded in the definition of this concept and the explanations and examples given were transmitted with very little change. In the modern period, it is observed that the explanations made regarding the concept of ishtirāq are generally presented without any specific condition or limitation, as in the early periods. However, al-Munajjid tried to put a framework by defining this concept as Words that are not compound but simple, in which the movement and letter order do not undergo any change, and which signify with a special signification in a single environment and within the same period of time, and in which there is no connection between them in terms of meaning and eloquence. The issue of the existence of ishtirāq has been debated; some deny its existence by arguing that each word is coined for a single meaning, and putting two different or opposite meanings into a single word creates ambiguity and uncertainty, which ruins the eloquence of language. Others, however, accept it as a reality of language and consider it a richness of the language. Indeed, thanks to this phenomenon, unlimited objects can be described with limited words, which provides flexibility to the language. Moreover, since meanings in language are limitless but words are limited, the need for common words is inevitable. On the other hand, when we consider the prevalence of ishtirāq in all languages, its universal aspect cannot be ignored. The notion that common words cause confusion and uncertainty in meaning is not correct. Rather, to eliminate these negatives and determine the meaning, it is sufficient to consider the context. Furthermore, the notion that common words damage the eloquence of language is not correct. On the contrary, they ensure that speech is clear and literary. Some have interpreted the concept of aḍdād which means the presence of two opposite meanings in a single word, as part of ishtirāq based on the fact that a word can have multiple meanings. Others have referred to it as a separate concept unique to the Arabic language, arguing that there is no connection between the meanings of the common words, including opposites. Some argue that synonymy should be considered within the scope of polysemy multiple meanings, while others claim that because there is no relationship between the meanings, homonymy is different from polysemy. In this study, the historical development of ishtirāq, one of the concepts in the Arabic language, which has been an ongoing term from the past to the present, has been examined, and its semantic analysis has been conducted to reveal its referential development and conceptual framework. Document analysis method was used to demonstrate conceptual change, and classical and modern sources were chronologically reviewed and compared between periods.

 Türkçede çok anlamlılık sözcüğüyle karşılanan iştirâk kavramına ilk olarak, 2.8. yy.da yaşayan Arap dilbilimcisi Sîbeveyhinin ö. 180796, el-Kitâb isimli eserinde lafızlarla ilgili yapmış olduğu üçlü taksimde rastlanmaktadır. Buna göre lafızlar lafız ve anlamları farklı kelimeler; lafızları farklı, anlamları bir olan kelimeler ve lafızları bir, anlamları farklı kelimeler olarak kendini göstermektedir. O, her ne kadar terim olarak adından bahsetmese de iştirâkı; lafızları bir, anlamları farklı kelimeler şeklinde açıklamıştır. Ondan sonra gelen dil bilginleri de genel olarak bu taksimi esas almış, söz konusu kavramın tanımında bir farklılık kaydedilmemiş ve bu konuda yapılan açıklamalar, verilen örnekler çok az bir değişiklik yapılarak aktarılmıştır. Modern döneme gelindiğinde ise iştirâk kavramıyla ilgili yapılan açıklamaların yine ilk dönemlerde olduğu gibi herhangi bir şart ve kayıt ortaya konulmadan genel olarak ifade edildiği görülür. Yalnız Müneccid bu kavramı, Mürekkeb bileşik değil de müfred basit olup hareke ve harf düzenin bir değişikliğe uğramadığı, tek bir çevrede ve aynı zaman dilimi içerisinde özel bir delâletle delâlet eden, yine aralarında herhangi bir mana ve belâgat cihetiyle bir bağın olmadığı lafızlardır şeklinde tarif ederek ortaya bir çerçeve koymaya çalışmıştır. Öte yandan iştirâkın varlığı meselesi eskiden beri tartışılan bir konudur. Kimileri her lafzın bir anlam için vaz edildiğini, bir sözcüğün iki farklı veya birbirine zıt anlamlar için konulmasının dilin açık olması bir tarafa anlam bulanıklığına neden olduğunu, dilin fesâhatını bozduğunu gerekçe göstererek onun varlığını inkâr ederken, kimileri de Arap dilinin zenginliklerinden biri kabul etmişlerdir. Nitekim bu olgu sayesinde sınırlı kelimelerle sınırsız nesne anlatılarak dile bir esneklik kazandırılmaktadır. Ayrıca dilde anlamlar sınırsız, lafızlar ise sınırlı olduğundan müşterek lafızlara olan ihtiyaç kaçınılmazdır. Diğer taraftan iştirâkın bütün dillerdeki yaygınlığına bakıldığında onun evrensel bir tarafının olduğu görülebilir. Müşterek lafızların anlam karışıklığı ve belirsizliğine neden olduğu düşüncesi yerinde olmayıp bu olumsuzlukların bertaraf edilip anlamın tayin edilebilmesi için bağlamın dikkate alınması yeterli olacaktır. Yine müşterek lafızların dilin fesâhatini bozduğu düşüncesi isabetli olmayıp bunlar sözün beliğ ve edebî olmasını sağlamaktadır. Kimileri bir lafzın iki zıt anlamı ihtiva etmesi anlamına gelen ezdâd kavramını, birden çok anlamı taşıması hakikatinden yola çıkarak iştirâk içerisinde değerlendirmiş, kimileri de müşterek lafızların anlamları arasında zıtlık vb. herhangi bir bağın olmaması şartını ileri sürerek Arap diline has müstakil bir kavram olarak nitelemiştir. Yine bazıları eş adlılığı iştirâkçok anlamlılık kapsamında değerlendirirken bazıları da aralarında anlam ilişkisi olmadığı için eş adlılığın müşterek lafızlardan farklı olduğunu savunmuştur. Bu çalışmada Arap dili kavramlarından biri olan iştirâkın geçmişten günümüze kadar devam eden bir ıstılah olma yolundaki tarihsel seyri irdelenmiş, semantik analize tabi tutularak delâlet gelişimi ve kavramsal çerçevesi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Kavramsal değişimin gösterilebilmesi için doküman analizi yönteminden faydalanılmış ve klasik- modern kaynaklar kronolojik olarak taranarak dönemler arası karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır.

Makale detayları

The Concept of Ishtirāq and Its Historical Development in the Arabic Language

Yazarlar:

Muhammet Kasım Erden

Yayıncı:

Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

İlahiyat Akademi Issue 17, pp.83-116

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294627

pISSN:

2149-3979

Linguistics

Semantics

Ishtirāq

Aḍdād

HomonymyDilbilim

Anlambilim

İştirâk

Ezdâd

Eş Adlılık

Sayı

Makale detayları

Yazarlar: Muhammet Kasım Erden

Yayıncı: Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar: Din Araştırmaları

Dergi: İlahiyat Akademi Issue 17, pp.83-116

Belge Tipi: Makale

Yayın Tarihi: 6/2023

Belge Dili: Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.): 2001294627

pISSN: 2149-3979

Sayı

Yazarlar:

Muhammet Kasım Erden

Yayıncı:

Gaziantep University

Ana Başlıklar:

Din Araştırmaları

Dergi:

İlahiyat Akademi Issue 17, pp.83-116

Belge Tipi:

Makale

Yayın Tarihi:

6/2023

Belge Dili:

Türkçe

Document ID (Org No.):

2001294627

pISSN:

2149-3979